Literature Review
The definition of literature review: 1) the relevant existing literature is reviewed to indicate
what has already been done, and what problems to be solved. 2) Here, the reader can visualize the research context where the link between the proposed study and the previous ones is displayed, and its potential contribution to the field.
Functions: --- what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, --- and what their
strengths and weaknesses are. ---- To what extent YOUR research is different from others or formulate questions that need further research
The possible modes for writing a literature review:
Four-paragraphs writing
Para 1---introduce Para 2---research abroad Para3---research at home Para 4---YOUR research
How to arrange the information
By sequence of time By subject matter/researching perspectives
The Tense used in literature review:
Past---Researcher activity as agent Present Perfect---researcher activity not as agent Present---no reference to researcher activity
Parenthesis(圆括号,插入成分)
different types of parenthesis how to make parenthesis in a correct format
一、段中引文
1、引文的出处应紧跟在引文或对引文观点、内容的诠释之后： （1）、基本格式为：（作者姓+空格+引文所在页码）。
如：Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). （2）、如果作者姓名在引文中出现过，则在夹住中省略作者姓名，只写页码即可。
如：Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings” (263).
（3）如果下文引用为同一出处，只写页码即可。但如果换了引文出处，则要按1例行文。
即（姓 页码）。
2、如果引文是原文的paraphrase，就不用引号，直接写出处即可。
如：Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). 3、如果引用是汉语书籍或文章，夹住中的作者姓名用汉语拼音写，并且只写姓 4、转引格式（Citing Indirect Sources）
有时可能不得不使用转引/间接引用。此时，用“qtd. in”来标注出你所实际参考的文献资料。
如：Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as \don't do that well\5、圣经引用格式
在第一次引用《圣经》时，应明确给出你所使用的版本（书名要斜体或者加下划线）；又因各版本的译本各异，故应同时给出“部book”（不要斜体或加下划线）、“章chapter”和“小节verse”等信息。 例：Ezekiel saw \ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10).
此后再引用时，均可只给出“部book”、“章chapter”和“小节verse”等信息，因为你已对所用版本做过说明。
二、提引文
（A）、文学等方向左边整体缩进10个字符。 （B）、语言与文化方向当引用为情景一、情景二等这种情况左边整体缩进4个字符
（2）如果引文中连续几个段落，每段文字再左缩进5个字符。即段落首行会缩进15个字符。
（3）引文不需要加双引号。
（4）夹住必须放在引文段落的最后标点之后。夹住后不用任何标点符号。 (5) 不缩小字号。
引文格式处理
1、如在引文上添加文字，将所添加文字用方括号括起来，以区别于原文。例如： Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: \individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale\2、省略引文中的文字时，应在省略部分加上省略号；省略号为三个英文句号，且其前后需各留一空格。例：
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that \make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale ... and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs\
Lecture Five Keep Notes on Your Reading
Reasons for Note-Taking
Taking notes helps you pay attention to the text.
Taking notes helps you record what you have read, and in particular keeps a record of which page you found something useful on.
Taking Notes
Why should we take notes?
Help record the information we need Help document the source Note down our reflections on what we’ve read
Content of a Note
? ? ? ?
Background information A summary of general ideas
Explanatory information: definition, a plot summary, bibliographical data Direct quotations, examples, facts, anecdotes
Types of Notes
Direct quotation notes Paraphrase notes Summary notes Combination notes
Three Methods of Note-Taking
Summary, paraphrase and quotation
A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition.
Paraphrase involves selective rewriting while retaining key words and other parts of the original. Quotation involves transcribing or copying the words exactly as they were in the original text.
Direct quotation notes
Sociolinguistics
“Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.” Spolsky, Bernard. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford Up, 1998:3.
A paraphrase note
The Third Wave
According to Alvin Toffler, there have been two revolutionary periods of change in history: the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution determined the course of history for thousands of years; the industrial civilization lasted about a century. We are now on the threshold of a new period of revolutionary change, but this one may last for only a few decades.
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: MLA: 32-33
A summary note
Classification of Learning Strategies
Second language learning strategies consist of two categories. They are language learning strategies and language use strategies. The latter can be further divided into retrieval strategies, rehearsal strategies, cover strategies and communicative strategies.
Cohen, Andrew D. Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language. London: Longman, 1998: 5-7
Procedure of Summary Writing
(1) Reading
A. First read the passage or book through carefully to get the gist of it. B. Decide what parts are essential.
C. Jot down the main points—the subject and the details which you consider important. (2) Writing
A. A summary should be about one third or one fourth as long as the original passage. B. The summary should be all in your own words.
C. You should follow the logical order of the original passage. D. It must convey the message of the original fully and clearly.
How to Write a Summary?
---Omit the details. Only the important points should be included in the summary; all the details that explain the main points can be left out.
--- Reduce the examples. Out of five or six examples given in the original passage one or two may be chosen for the summary; the rest are to be omitted.
---Simplify the descriptions. If in the passage there are ten sentences describe a person or a subject, it will be enough to keep one or two in the summary. Eliminate repetitions. Sometimes a statement
is repeated for emphasis. This is not necessary in a summary. ---Compress wordy sentences and change phrases to words. Examples:
1. His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. Summary: He was very brave in battle.
2. The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh. Summary: The witness’ story was absurd.
3. John fell into the river and, before help could reach him, he sank. Summary: John was drowned in the river.
4. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. Summary: He was in financial difficulties.
You may also make phrases do the work of clauses or sentences. An example:
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on the mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.
These two sentences may be abridged in this way:
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better communication. --- Use the shortest possible transitions. For example, but, then, thus, yet, and for, can be uses in place of longer transitions like at the same time, on the other hand, etc. Often the semi-colon can take the place of a transitional word or phrase.
--- Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech. This is advisable because indirect speech can be made very brief while it is difficult to abridge dialogues. Here is an example:
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly:” You use too much salt on your food. Paul—it’s not at all good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:” Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful…like eating cardboard or sand…just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:” But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the tastes of food, the real tastes, which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” Summary:
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do harm to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
---Use general words instead of specific words. Here is an example:
She brought home several Chinese and English Novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. Summary: She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.
A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts. We are incredibly
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