学科知识与教学能力笔记(英语)
、语音考点
(—)兀音 Vowels
考点1:元音的舌位图
我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图(P70)。图的左方为口 腔的前部，右方为其后部。竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分； 横线表示牙床的开合程度，图中的圆点表示元音音素发音时舌 头抬得最高的那一部分在口腔中的位置。
单兀音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最咼而分成
三类：前元音，中元音，后元音( back vowels )。
元音一般从四个方面进行描述：舌位(high, mid, low )，
舌头最高部位的位置(front, central, back )，长度(long. short )或紧张度( tense, lax )，唇的开口度( rounded, unrounded)
从图中可以看到，/i:/与/?/都是 前元音，但是发/i:/时牙床近于 全合；发
/?/时，牙床近于全开。
可见，发音时调节口的开张程度 就产生的不同的前元音。
音标描述汇总：
[i:] high front tense unrounded vowel
[?] high front lax unrounded vowel
[u:] high back tense rounded vowel
[?] 即 [u] high back lax rounded vowel
[3 :]或[?:] central tense unrounded vowel
[?] central lax unrounded vowel
[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel
[?] low front lax unrounded vowel
[A ] mid -low back lax unrounded vowel [?:] mid-low back tense
rounded vowel [?] low back lax rounded vowel
[a :] low back tense unrounded vowel
考点 2：专有名词
基本元音 Cardinal Vowels
纯元音 Pure Vowels/ 单元音 Monophthong Vowels
滑元音 Vowels glides : There is an audible change of
quality. ---------- If a sin gle moveme nt of the ton gue is invoIved, the glides are called
双元音 Diphthongs
如:[el] from mid-low front to high front
[al] [?l] [??]
[a?]
[I?] [e?]
[??]略
A double movement produces 三元音 Triphthong 例如: tower 中[a??]
（二）辅音 Consonants
Consonants are sounds produced by con strict ing or
obstruct ing the vocal tract
at some place to divert,
impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
Vowels 兀音
：produced without such obstructi on so no turbule nee of the air can be perceived.
区别：the distinction between vowels and consonants lies
in the obstructi on of airstream.
阻塞气流。
发音过程中，音质有听觉 上的变化，如果舌运动一 次，其滑动导致双元音，
发音时，声道的某些部位受到
挤压或阻碍后，使得气流在口
or a total stopping
考点 1: Manners of articulation 发音方式
stops 爆破音[p, b, t, d, k, g]
nasal 鼻音[m, n, ?]
fricative 摩擦音[f, v, 9 , e, s,乙 j , ?, h]
approximant 近似音 [w, r, j ]
、
lateral 边音［l］、
affricate 塞擦音[ts, dz, tr, dr]
考点2: Places of articulati on
发音部位
bilabial
双唇音、labiodental 唇齿、dental 齿间、alveolar
齿龈、postalveolar 齿龈后、retroflex 卷舌音、palatal 硬腭、velar 软腭、glottal 声门［h］.
总结：
[p] voiceless bilabial stop
[b] voiced bilabial stop
[t]
voiceless alveolar stop
[d] voiced alveolar stop [k] voiceless
velar stop
Which of the followi ng words
does not contain a fricative?
A. Five B. change C. show
---- D. three
例题：The phoneme[n] — [m]
open book V open market V brown paper V brown hat x
[g] voiced velar stop
[m] bilabial nasal [n] alveolar nasal [?] velar nasal [f] voiceless labiodental fricative [v] voiced labiodental fricative [?] voiceless dental fricative [e] voiced dental fricative [s] voiceless alveolar fricative [z] voiced alveolar fricative [j ] voiceless postalveolar fricative [?] voiced postalveolar fricative [h] glottal fricative [t j ]
voiceless postalveolar affricate [d?] voiced postalveolar affricate [l ] alveolar lateral
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