由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。 3．独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常用的有：generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking，talking of，speaking of，judging from/by，taking everything into consideration，compared to/with，to be frank，to tell(you)the truth，to be honest，to make things worse 等。
Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong. 从口音判断，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth，I am a little tired. 说实话，我有点累。 4．独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成：①名词/代词＋分词；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。
The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday. 考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。 考点三 非谓语动词作定语 [题组试做] 单句语法填空
1．(2019·福州八县市一中联考)At the age of four，she fell into an icy river and was fortunately rescued by some local villagers________(live) in Baoxing County in southwest China's Sichuan Province.
living [考查现在分词。名词villagers和动词live之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。]
2．(2019·重庆第一次调研)Visitors also may take a walk in the rainforest
________(create) by the volcano thousands of years ago.
created [考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，forest后面的部分作定语修饰rainforest，且rainforest与动词create在逻辑上是动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。]
3．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟二模)One great site is Science News for Kids. This site reports science news________(cover) a wide range of subjects.
covering [考查非谓语动词。提示词为动词，该句中已经有谓语动词(reports)，提示词cover和其所修饰的名词news之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用cover的v.-ing形式作后置定语，在此相当于which covers。]
4．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)Antibiotic drugs can lose their effectiveness when people take more or less than the amount________(require) by doctors.
required [考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，require和amount之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。]
[要点解读] 1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldn't find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last，the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at school and the last to leave school. 他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way 等。
And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力
与观点本身同等重要。
(4)当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，作定语的不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。
Have you got anything to buy?
你有什么东西要买吗？(you是buy的执行者)
I want to go to Beijing.Do you have anything to be bought？我要去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？(you不是buy的执行者)
2．分词作定语
(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。
To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2019.
为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让大家看一项2019年在澳大利亚进行的研究。
Last night，there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.
昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。 [易错提醒] 非谓语动词作定语的解题思路
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：
①The bridge built recently was designed by a local company.
②Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
④The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important. 考点四 非谓语动词作宾语 [题组试做] 单句语法填空
1．(2019·沈阳质量监测一)You could easily pay with your smartphone by ________(scan) the seller's QR code.
scanning [考查非谓语动词。介词by后面的宾语应用动名词形式。] 2．(2019·淮南二中模拟)I know he is good at________(work) out the difficult questions.
working [be good at“擅长”，at为介词，故用v.-ing作宾语。]
3．(2019·郑州第一次质量检测)In my mind, they help us to become calm and consider________(win) and solving real problems as well.
winning [考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：在“我”看来，它们有助于我们变得镇静，也帮助我们考虑赢得辩论比赛和解决真正的问题。动词consider“考虑”后跟动词-ing形式作宾语。]
4．(2019·山西长治一联)I remembered________(lock) the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
to lock [句意：离开办公室之前，我记着要锁门了，但是忘了关灯。考查非谓语动词作宾语的用法。remember to do sth.记着要做某事，根据语境可知空格处为“to lock”。]
[要点解读]
1．只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree，intend，plan，demand，promise，prepare，decide，refuse，choose，wish，hope，expect，fail (未能)，pretend，manage，determine，beg，arrange，threaten，claim，hesitate，wait，happen (碰巧)等。
She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting to be served. 她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着被服务。
2．只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：admit，avoid，consider，escape(避开)，
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