3)少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。
The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。 Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。 4)在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him. 我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好,他就去。 I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他来了,我们再开始讨论。 5)在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。 Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 Here they come. 他们来了。
6)在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时,可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如:
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots?A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明,姚明投篮,好球!
7)在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中,可用一般现在时表示动作。例如:
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕启,朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响,她拿起听筒,静静地听着。
2、现在进行时
(1)构成:由助动词be + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not;疑问式是:把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例: 否定式 疑问式 I am not studying Am I studying? You are not studying, Are you studying? He is not studying. Is he studying? (2)用法: 1)现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如: I am writing a letter. 我正在写信。
They are learning English. 他们正在学习英语。 Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗?
有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如: More and more people are paying attention to their health. 越来越多的人在关注健康。
He is translating a novel. 他在翻译一本小说。
2)有些动词,如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等,它们的现在
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进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如:
Flight 1095 is landing soon. 第1095号航班马上要着陆了。 I know the end is coming. 我知道马上就要结束了。
Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai. 玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。
3)现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用,表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情,如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如:
He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。
You are always saying that sort of thing. 你老爱说那样的话。 She is always complaining. 她总是喜欢抱怨。
4)在一定的上下文中,后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现在时相配合,可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动词谓语表述现在发生的事实,而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实的原因、结果、目的等。例如:
He frowns. He is worrying about his boy. 他皱着眉头,因为他在为他的孩子担心。
She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his bad habits. 她批评他,想纠正他的坏习惯。
She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子。这是在把他惯坏了。(结果)
3、现在完成时
(1)构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成,助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has,其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下: 否定式 疑问式 I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…? You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…? He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…? 否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定) Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. (2)用法: 1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成,但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解,因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响,很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上,这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间,则一般用现在完成时;如果说明了动作发生的具体时间,带有表示过去的时间状语,则用一般过去时。例如:
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My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如:
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。 She has been with us since Monday. 她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。 注意:
1)表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等,在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此,不能说: ×He has come here for 2 weeks. ×The old man has died for 4 months. ×They have left only for 5 minutes. 以上三句话可以改为:
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks. It’s 4 months since the old man died. They have been away only for 5 minutes 2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较:
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了?(已经回来了) Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了?(人不在) They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。(现在已经不在加拿大) They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已经到加拿大).
3)现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语,如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用, 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语,如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如:
She has already come. 她已经来了。 I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。 I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。 I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。 They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。 I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
4、一般过去时
(1)构成:一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式
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和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下: 否定式 疑问式 I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…? You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…? He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…? 否定疑问式 简单回答 (肯定/否定) Did I not (Didn’t I) study…? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t. Di you not (Didn’t you) study…? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. Did he not (Didn’t he) study…? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. (2)用法:一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况,其中包括习惯性动作,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
The train arrived ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的? I used to go to school early. 我过去总是很早去学校。 He always went to work by bus. 他过去老乘车去上班。
Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young. 李红小时候在上海住过十年。(有的同学认为出现了for some time 之类的时间状语,就要用完成时态。这种看法不完全正确。如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间,就要用一般过去时)
注意:在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语,表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语,那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。
5、过去进行时
(1)构成:由助动词be 的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were.
1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。 He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时,他在读书。 It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2)过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。
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6、过去完成时
(1)构成:一律用had + 过去分词构成。 (2)用法:
1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:
She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦? (“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)
When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:
By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止,他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。
3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。
4)此外,过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用一般过去时。例如:
No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。 Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
7、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式: (1)shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will,其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下: 否定式 疑问式 I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…? You will not study…. Will you study…? He will not study…. Will he study…?
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