学科知识与教学能力笔记（英语） 一、语音考点 （一）元音Vowels 考点1：元音的舌位图
我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图（P70）。图的左方为口腔的前部，右方为其后部。竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分；横线表示牙床的开合程度，图中的圆点表示元音音素发音时舌头抬得最高的那一部分在口腔中的位置。
单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类：前元音，中元音，后元音（back vowels）。
元音一般从四个方面进行描述：舌位（high, mid, low），舌头最高部位的位置（front, central, back），长度（long,
从图中可以看到，/i:/与/?/都是前元音,但是发/i:/时牙床近于全合；发/?/时，牙床近于全开。可见，发音时调节口的开张程度就产生的不同的前元音。 short）或紧张度（tense, lax），唇的开口度（rounded, unrounded）
音标描述汇总：
[i:] high front tense unrounded vowel
[?] high front lax unrounded vowel
[u:] high back tense rounded vowel
[?]即[u] high back lax rounded vowel
[З:]或[?:] central tense unrounded vowel
[?] central lax unrounded vowel
[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel
[?] low front lax unrounded vowel
[Λ] mid-low back lax unrounded vowel
[?:] mid-low back tense rounded vowel
[?] low back lax rounded vowel
[ɑ:] low back tense unrounded vowel
考点2：专有名词
基本元音 Cardinal Vowels
纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音 Monophthong Vowels
滑元音Vowels glides：There is an audible change of quality. ——If a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called双元音Diphthongs
发音过程中，音质有听觉上的变化，如果舌运动一次，其滑动导致双元音，如：[eI] from mid-low front to high front
[aI] [?I] [??] [a?] [I?] [e?] [??] 略
A double movement produces 三元音Triphthong 例如：tower中[a??]
（二）辅音Consonants
Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or
发音时，声道的某些部位受到obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,
挤压或阻碍后，使得气流在口impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
Vowels元音: produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
区别：the distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.阻塞气流。
考点1：Manners of articulation发音方式
stops 爆破音 [p, b, t, d, k, g] nasal鼻音 [m, n, ?]
fricative摩擦音 [f, v, θ, e, s, z, ∫, ?, h]、
approximant近似音 [w, r, j ]、 lateral边音 [l]、
affricate塞擦音 [ts, dz, tr, dr] 考点2：Places of articulation发音部位
bilabial双唇音、labiodental唇齿、dental齿间 、alveolar齿龈、postalveolar齿龈后 、retroflex卷舌音、palatal 硬腭、velar软腭、glottal声门[h].
总结：
[p] voiceless bilabial stop
[b] voiced bilabial stop
[t] voiceless alveolar stop
[d] voiced alveolar stop
[k] voiceless velar stop
Which of the following words does not contain a fricative? A. Five B. change C. show D. three 例题：The phoneme[n]—[m] open book √ open market √ brown paper √ brown hat × [g] voiced velar stop
[m] bilabial nasal
[n] alveolar nasal
[?] velar nasal
[f] voiceless labiodental fricative
[v] voiced labiodental fricative
[?] voiceless dental fricative
[e] voiced dental fricative
[s] voiceless alveolar fricative
[z] voiced alveolar fricative
[∫] voiceless postalveolar fricative
[?] voiced postalveolar fricative
[h] glottal fricative
[t∫] voiceless postalveolar affricate
[d?] voiced postalveolar affricate
[l ] alveolar lateral
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