名词由单数变成复数
一.规则名词的复数形式：
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 例词
1.一般情况在词尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2.以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3.以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5.以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6.以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7.以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8.以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 二. 不规则名词复数：
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 例词 1.改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2.单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3.只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4.一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff
5.部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6.复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 7.表示“某国人”加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8.合成名词将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
形容词变副词
1.一般情况下直接加“ly”，如quick---quickly .
2.以“y”结尾的,先将“y”改成“i”,再加“ly”，happy---happily 少数以e结尾的形容词，要去掉e再加-ly。例如：true-truly等。但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly。例如polite-politely, wide-widely等。形容词变副词通常是加ly,其变化有规律可循,请记住以下口诀：一般直接加，“元e”去e加，“辅y”改i加，“le”结尾e改y。分别举例如下： quick—quickly,true—truly, happy—happily, possible—possibly. 另外：一、在形容词词尾直接加-ly。如:real-really; helpful-helpfully; careful-carefully; hopeful-hopefully; slow-slowly; quick-quickly; quiet-quietly
二、以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词要变y为i,然后再加-ly。如:busy-busily; angry-angrily; easy-easily 三、某些以辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾和以-ue结尾的形容词要先去掉e,然后再加-y或-ly。
如: terrible-terribly; true-truly; gentle-gently
另外,副词还可以由形容词加前缀a-得来,如:loud (adj.)-aloud (adv.) 此外,部分名词加后缀也可变成副词,如:part-partly。 例句: It is partly her fault. 有部分是她的错。
需注意: friendly; motherly; lovely等词是形容词而非副词。
在英语中,有些词既可以作形容词,又可以作副词,如early, much, fast, little, wide, loud等。 由于这类词词性虽不同,但词形却一样,这就需要大家学会在特定语境中判断它们各自的词性。例句:Thank you very much. (adv.) 多谢。There is much water in the river. (adj.) 河里有很多水。The music is too loud. Please turn it down. (adj.) 音乐声太大,请调低点。He speaks loud enough. So everyone in the room can hear what he said. (adv.) 他说话的声音很大,所以房间里每个人都能听到他的话。
另外,还有一类副词和形容词词义相同,但拼写却不同,如well和good。例句He speaks good English.
他讲一口流利的英语。He speaks English well. 他英语讲得不错。 多音节y结尾的词 将y改为i后加ly easy-easily happy-happily heavy-heavily
单音节y结尾的词 直接加ly gay-gayly (gaily) sly-slyly (slily)
以ve结尾的词 去e加ly true-truly 以le结尾的词 去e加y gentle-gently possible-possibly
其他以e结尾的词 一律加ly nice-nicely wise-wisely polite-politely
以ll结尾的词 只加y full-fully
以ic结尾的词 加ally automatic-automatically energetic-energetically
其他形容词 均加ly careful-carefully glad-gladly
英语过去式大全
我要中小学的 要所有特殊变化的 比如说+D 去Y加IED 把I,E变成A等 写的详细点
规则动词的过去式词尾变化有几种：
1．一般情况下加ed，如watched, planted, watered, pulled, climbed, picked。
2．以不发音字母e结尾的加d，如liked, moved, tasted。
3．以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加ed，如study——studied。
4．以1个元音字母加1个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写最后一个辅音字母再加ed，如stop——stopped。
词尾读音有3种：
a．在浊辅音和元音后读[d]，如lived, watered, listened, played。
b．在清辅音后读[t]，如liked, helped, watched。
c．在[t],[d]音后读[Id]，如planted, wanted, handed(上交)。
不规则动词的过去式变化则没有什么规律，请大家背熟记牢：
sit —— sat throw —— threw am, is —— was
drink —— drank draw —— drew are —— were
sing —— sang fly ——flew do —— did
begin —— began grow —— grew have, has —— had
swim —— swam put —— put may —— might
give —— gave cut —— cut can —— could
ring —— rang let —— let shall ——should
run —— ran read —— read will —— would
ride —— rode catch —— caught go —— went
一般过去时的用法
一.概念：一般过去时是表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。 二．时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago, a minute ago,last year(week, month), just now, at that time, in those days. 三．过去时的用法：
1．有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式。 例：We had a good time last week.
2．表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去式。
例：The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed. 3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，要用过去式。 例：She often came to help me at that time. 四.一般过去式的构成形式： ☆Be动词的过去式：
(1)肯定句：主语+ be动词的过去式（was, were） 例：He was ill yesterday. She was nine two years ago. They were my students long long ago.
(2)否定句：主语+ be动词的过去式（was, were）+ not 例：He was not ill yesterday. She was not nine two years ago.
They were not my students long long ago. (3)一般疑问句：直接把be动词提到句首。
例：Was he ill yesterday? 肯定回答：Yes, he was.否定回答：No, he wasn't.
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