注：committe=do （坏事） commite a crime
\our tests became more complex.\Sums up Spilich, \performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins,\He predicts, \might perform adequately at many jobs - until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.\ 注：1.by wide margin 差距大
margine 差距；页边空白处，利润 2.perform 执行，表演
3.末句为重要句：尤其是末句出现转折时或者末句为结论时。本句出现了but 4.mental 思维的，精神的 mental capacity 思维能力
\our tests became more complex.\Sums up Spilich, \performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins,\He predicts, \might perform adequately at many jobs - until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.\ 注：1.by wide margin 差距大
margine 差距；页边空白处，利润 2.perform 执行，表演
3.末句为重要句：尤其是末句出现转折时或者末句为结论时。本句出现了but 4.mental 思维的，精神的 mental capacity 思维能力
25. We can infer from the last paragraph that _________. A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness C) no airline pilots smoke during flights
D) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases 注：1.此题为推理题，选项的特点为文章相应内容的同义改写 2.根据选项定位最后一段末句，重点在but后面
3.prove unequal to 无法胜任，D项为but后的同义改写
4.C选项首先是过度推理，其次no+n.为绝对语气词，通常为干扰，带有可能性语气词的选项通常为优选(不但适用于推理题，而且适用于所有题型)
\our tests became more complex.\Sums up Spilich, \performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins,\jobs - until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.\21. The purpose of George Spilich' s experiments is _________.
A) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers B) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacity C) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performance D) to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memory
注：实验目的题，A 项为第一段实验目的同义改写，B,C 项为吸烟的负面影响与文中意思相反 Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether as many smokers say, smoking helps them to \and concentrate.\Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.
22. George Spilich' s experiment was conducted in such a way as to _________. A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor details B) put the subjects through increasingly complex tests C) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers D) register the prompt responses of the subjects
注：1.题目中没有具体指出是哪一个实验，所以就是针对所有提到的实验来说。 2.A 涉及文章倒数第二段的实验。
The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Nonsmokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details. 3.C 涉及文章第三段的实验。
The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers. 4.D 选项也只涉及文章中某一个实验。
23. The word \bested\
A) beat B) envied
C) caught up with D) made the best of
注：词汇题，根据第5段末句的意思可推断为A选项。 24. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers. B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.
C) Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks. D) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.
注：C选项是第一个实验结果deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
16. According to the author, the sonar system of bats is an example of the idea that ____. A) this is the age of technological triumphs B) modern machines are inefficient
C) living mechanisms are often more efficient than man -made machines D) artificial imitations are always less efficient than living mechanisms 17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____. A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined C) should have been discovered by man many years ago D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago
18. Echo location in this article means the _____. A) location of echoes
B) ability to determine where an echo comes from C) scientific term for sound waves
D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes 19 This article was written to illustrate ____. A) the deficiencies of man-made sonar B) the dependence of man upon animals C) that we are living in a machine age
D) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable
20. The following is the main point of the article:____ A) A bat will catch hundreds of insects in a single hour.
B) There is a perfection in nature which sometimes can not be matched by man's creative efforts. C) The phrase \
D) Sonar and radar systems of man are inefficient.
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man. 注：1.triumph 胜利，成功 2.it is well to 有必要
3.incomparably 不可比地
4.第一句主题句：天然胜于人工 artificial 人工的 5.illustration 例证，本段末句强烈结论
Of course, the bats have had some 50 million years of evolution to refine their sonar. Their physiological mechanisms for echo location, based on all this accumulated experience, therefore deserve our thorough study and analysis. 注：1.refine 提炼、改善
2.二段首句是对首段末句的解释
3.50 million years对应的是第17小题 17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____ A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined C) should have been discovered by man many years ago D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago 注：B 选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词 because,although,not only...but also, as well as 的应该优选
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He
caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔）into the air.
注：1.第二句Thanks to sonar... 结果句 2.get along 生活
get along with 相处 3.blind 蒙住眼睛
4.We know from... 结果句 5.末句为细节
16. According to the author, the sonar system of bats is an example of the idea that ____. A) this is the age of technological triumphs B) modern machines are inefficient
C) living mechanisms are often more efficient than man -made machines D) artificial imitations are always less efficient than living mechanisms 注：1.第一段 illustration 等同 example
2.D选项的always与文章中的often含义是不同的。
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man. 17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____ A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined C) should have been discovered by man many years ago D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago 注：B 选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词 because,although,not only...but also, as well as 的应该优选
18. Echo location in this article means the _____. A) location of echoes
B) ability to determine where an echo comes from C) scientific term for sound waves
D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes 注：1.A 为干扰选项，过于表面化 2.B 项为等价选项所以为错误
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔）into the air.
19. This article was written to illustrate ____. A) the deficiencies of man-made sonar B) the dependence of man upon animals C) that we are living in a machine age
D) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable
注：写作目的题型，写作目的=写作动机+文章主题，看文章主题第一句话 20. The following is the main point of the article:____ A) A bat will catch hundreds of insects in a single hour.
B) There is a perfection in nature which sometimes can not be matched by man's creative efforts. C) The phrase \
D) Sonar and radar systems of man are inefficient. 注：写作主题题型，第一句话的同义改写 match v. 匹敌
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations.
There is no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man. Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) neither of them
D) some other sorts of conditioning
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through ____.
A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) both of them D) neither of them
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____. A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings B) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning D) none of the above
Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called \paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. 注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的 2.modify 修改、改变；pair with 伴随 3.it is ...that 强调介词状语结构 ●分类型文章：1.分为几类就是文章主题
2.抓住各类主体词/基本特征词（通常为动词） 3.多余段落通常例证某一类
The second kind of learning is called \conditioning.\This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. 注：1.operant 操作型的，词源 operate 2.cuddle 拥抱
3.第一种 classical conditioning：联系而去做；第二种 operant conditioning：有奖惩而去做
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
注：1.interact 交往，相互影响
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