2013级《英汉互译》讲义定稿

Hunan Normal University

英汉互译

顿官刚编

2015年9月

Contents

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 2 E-C translation ..................................................................................................... 5 3 Analysing the sentence structure ........................................................................ 7 4 Rewriting in E-C translation .............................................................................. 8 5 Transliteration .................................................................................................... 10 6 C-E translation ................................................................................................... 12 7 The serial verbal construction .......................................................................... 15 8 The translation of noun phrases ....................................................................... 17 9 Pronoun ............................................................................................................... 19 10 Inversion ............................................................................................................. 22 11 Literal and liberal translation ........................................................................... 24 12 The rural bounty ................................................................................................ 26 13 Kinship and alienation ....................................................................................... 27 14 Children and family ........................................................................................... 28 15 Help from within ................................................................................................ 29 16 How should one read a book? ........................................................................... 30 17 Born to win ......................................................................................................... 31 18 What is happiness? ............................................................................................ 32 19 A planetary emergency ...................................................................................... 33 20 Submarine collision ............................................................................................ 34 21 儒林外史 ............................................................................................................. 35

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1 Introduction

1.1 What is translation?

1) the process of translating (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object)

2) the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text)

3) the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process

1.2 What does translating aim at?

Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida &Charles R. Taber)

1.3 What is a good translation?

1) The merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language that it can be as distinctly apprehended and strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Alexander Fraser Tytler)

2) The best translation does not sound like a translation. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber)

3) The translation bears no trace of rigidity and awkwardness arising from discrepancies in linguistic habits. (钱钟书)

1.4 What are the principles of translation? 1) Tytler

(a)The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.

(b) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.

(C) The translation should have all the ease of original composition. 2) Yan Fu (严复): faithfulness; expressiveness; elegance 3) Liu Zhongde (刘重德): faithfulness; expressiveness; closeness 4) Generally acknowledged principles:

(a) faithfulness: be faithful to the content and style of the source language without any addition, deletion or distortion;

(b) smoothness: the language of the version must be clear, distinct, flowing and idiomatic.

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1.5 Is translation possible?

Anything that can be said in one language can be said in another, unless the form is an essential element of the message. (Eugene A. Nida &Charles R. Taber)

1) Theoretically, what is said in one language is conveyable in any existing language.

2) If the form in which a message is expressed carries a high semantic import, there is a very distinct limitation in reproducing this type of ―meaning‖. 3) Sacrifice certain formal niceties for the sake of the content.

1.6 Qualifications for a good translator

1) A perfect knowledge of the languages involved

2) A competent acquaintance with the subject of which the original treats

1.7 Stages of translation

1) Analysis

a) identify the grammatical structure of every sentence; b) establish part of speech of every word;

c) determine the meanings of the words and combinations of words according

to the context.

2) Reverbalization

a) Accomplish the difficult union of ease with fidelity;

b) ―He [The translator] must adopt the very soul of his author, which must

speak through his own organs.‖ (Alexander Fraser Tytler)

c) A translator writes, as he supposes his author would have done, had he lived

in our age, and in our country. (John Dryden)

1.8 English and Chinese in comparison 1) Pronouns 2) Static vs. dynamic 3) Passive vs. active 4) General vs. specific

5) Head focus vs. end focus 6) Effect-cause vs. cause-effect

7) Long sentence vs. short sentence

8) Subject-prominence vs. topic-prominence 9) Hypotaxis vs. parataxis

10) Inflectional vs. non-inflectional 11) Punctuation

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Notes:

汉语是由方块字构成的语言，表达上有其固有特征，这主要包括： 1) 少用代词，常常省略代词或用名词替代代词； 2) 惯于用动态表达英语中的静态；

3) 主动语态使用频率多于被动语态的使用频率； 4) 多用具体概念表达英语的抽象概念；

5）习惯用后中心的方式来表达英语信息的前中心特征； 6）多短句、流水句，结构零散；

7）表达连贯思想时，主要以话题为中心，常常省略或频繁变换句子主语； 8）句子内部及句际间的衔接主要依靠逻辑关系来实现，不像英语那样主要依靠连接词；

10）没有型态变化，主要依靠词汇手段表达英语的各种型态变化； 11）标点不及英语系统、规律。

1.9 Translation Practice

1) It is 5 years since he smoked.

2) He is well paid that is well satisfied.

3) A good horse is a good horse until it has run away once.

4) There is only one solution to these threats from without.

5) Universities are where the wisdom we cannot afford to lose is preserved from generation to generation.

6) The implications for Britain and the west of the rise of China are debated intensely today. Yet we can find a similarly intense version of this debate over a century ago.

7) Responding to mounting pressure to speak out on climate change, UN chief Ban Ki-moon has said it represents as big a threat to mankind as war and vowed to raise the issue at a summit of rich nations in June.

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