第五部分：英译汉
英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。 考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。
一、翻译技巧一
一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。 我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。
(一)重点分析句子结构
其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和
一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1. to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语 Miss Jones is a manager. 琼斯小姐是位经理。
2. to do句型: 主语 + do + (宾语) + (状语) He teaches English in this school. 他在这所学校教英语。 3. there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语 There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills. 山中有美丽的野花。
(二)确定语法现象和惯用结构
英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、
同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、 强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如:
? Anyone who is interested in it can go with us. 对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone)
? The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important. 昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem)
? You could have done better if you had been more careful. 要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) ? Hardly had I said that when she entered the room. 我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语 I之前 )
? It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.
直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其余成分) ? The books were either works on travel or detective novels. 这些书要么是关于旅行的, 要么就是侦探小说。(连接词either… or…连接两个表语)
(三)熟悉固定搭配词组和习惯用法
英译汉考题中还常常会设计一个关键的考点 – 固定搭配的词组和习惯表达法,
旨在考查考生对词汇的掌握和运用情况。考生在理解这些习惯用语时会感到很困难, 这是
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因为单从组成某个习惯用语的词的字面意思上来理解其含义, 往往会出偏差, 必将影响到对整个句子的理解。 例如:
? They came up with a cure for the disease at last. 他们最终发现了治疗这种疾病的方法 (短语动词,意为“提出;发现”)
? The news got around by word of mouth. 这一消息通过人们的口传播开来。(介词短语,意为“口头流传”)
? It’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.
从长远的观点来看, 用真皮更便宜。(介词短语,意为“从长远的观点来看”)
? I’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear. 不管他们愿不愿意听, 我要告诉他们真相。(形容词短语,意为 “不管...”) ? Punishment had very little effect on him. 惩罚对他没有什么效果。(名词短语,意为“对?起作用”)
(四) 熟练掌握过渡连接词
过渡连接词是使上下文的连接自然、紧凑的有效方法，使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。因此,熟练掌握过渡连接词能充分把握住原文的意图和出题思路。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型
表示增补: and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore …
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence … 表示转折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact … 表示列举: firstly, secondly, for one thing…for another, to begin with, then, last … 表示解释: for example, for instance, that is, namely …
表示总结: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole … 例如:
? The railroad connects two cities, namely, New York and Chicago. 这铁路联接两个城市, 即纽约和芝加哥。 (表示解释) ? She was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working. 她虽然很疲倦, 然而她却继续工作。(表示转折)
? He said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it. 他说他找不到它, 而且也没有人会找到它。(表示增补) ? He was ill, and therefore could not come. (表示结果)
他病了, 所以未能来。
二、翻译技巧二
每一种语言，在词意的运用，语句的铺排、句子的结构方面，都有其独特的方式，而每 一词每一字所承载的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英译汉的表达方式总体上可以分成两大类:
(一) 直译法：
一般来说, 在语言条件许可的情况下, 应该尽可能地用直译, 使译文既能保持原
文的内容, 又能保持原文的形式和风格。例如:
? All roads lead to Roma.
条条大路通罗马。
? The soldier was as brave as a lion. 那个士兵像狮子一样勇敢。
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? My brother is like a duck to water in the new job. 我哥哥在新的工作岗位上如鱼得水。
? It is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.
他这个人一向对人是雪中送炭，从来不是锦上添花。
(二) 意译法:
为使译文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息，当翻译中遇到两种文化有差异，用直译无法使译文传达准确的信息时，就要在母语中寻找与其对应的表达方式，利用各种必要的转换手段进行意译。例如:
? He is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.
他穷困, 潦倒，好像过着牛马一样的生活。（转译法- a dog’s life转换词义） ? He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.
他在回答采访者问题时, 很有礼貌。 (省略法–behaved 一词不译出) ? He is a stranger to the company’s business.
他对于该公司的经营业务是陌生的。(转换法–stranger 名词转换成形容词) ? All preparation must be done before you do experiments. 在做试验之前, 一切准备工作都必须做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”) ? Each country has its own customs. 各国有各国的风俗. (重复法- Each country重复使用“各国”)
英译汉专项练习:
1. Tom has taught English here since he graduated from Oxford University. 2. Visitors who come here like the beach and sunshine. 3. Please give this ticket to whoever comes first.
4. The higher the temperature of a body, the quicker the motion of its molecules. 5. Whether they will hold a meeting has not been decided. 6. Though it was late, we kept on working. 7. The child talks as if he were a man.
8. Never before in her life has Helen seen such beautiful and precious jewelry. 9. The bridge being built will be completed in May.
10. Mary was such a hardworking student that she soon came out first in the class. 11. Everything considered, their plan is still workable. 12. As is known to all, China is a developing country.
13. A lot of natural resources in the mountain area are to be exploited and used. 14. Everyone enjoys being praised instead of criticized. 15. Peter was too young to understand all that. 16. I got a decayed tooth pulled off yesterday.
17. If you invest all your money in one hotel, you'll have all your eggs in one basket. 18. We are very grateful to you for what you have done for us all these years. 19. He has made it clear that he has nothing to do with her.
20. Had the car gone over the cliff, they would have been killed . 21. With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
22. Not only is this problem very important, but it is a difficult problem to be solved at once.
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23. It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.
24. We are doing this for our company rather than for ourselves. 25. We have not yet won; however, we shall try again. 26. The football match was cancelled because of rain.
27. As a result, our personal income rose an average of 13 per cent last year alone. 28. The suit is quite satisfactory except for the color. 29. He remains modest despite his great achievements. 30. In some cultures people devote a lot of time to eating. 31. John will be back in a week, and you can talk to him then. 32. We tend to make mistakes when we are nervous. 33. He failed to live up to his parents’ expectations. 34. These computers are small in size and light in weight.
35. Either you must improve your work, or I shall dismiss you. 36. He said that he preferred the country to the city.
37. We must take immediate measures to prevent such things from happening again. 38. Neither you nor I, nor anybody else knows the answer. 39. The door is out of proportion with the window.
40. The boy was lost. His parents were very concerned about his safety.
英译汉专项练习答案和注释
1. 汤姆从牛津大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。
注释：这是一个由since引导的时间状语从句，表示 “自从……以来”, 词组graduate from… 意为 “从…毕业”。 2. 来这里的游客喜欢沙滩和阳光。
注释：句中的who引导定语从句, 修饰主语visitors。 3. 请把这张票给最先来的人。
注释：本句为祈使句, 词组give sth. to sb. 意为 “把某物给某人”, 介词 to后面接了一个由 whoever 引导的宾语从句。
4. 物体的温度越高，其分子的运动就越快。
注释：这是一个由 the more…, the more …引导的比较状语从句, 表示 “越…, 越…”。 5. 要不要开会还没有决定。
注释：这是一个由whether引导的主语从句, 表示 “是否…”, 词组hold a meeting 意为 “举行一个会议” , 此句的谓语是has not been decided, 是现在完成时的被动语态。 6. 尽管已经很晚了，我们还在继续工作。
注释：这是一个由though 引导的让步状语从句, 表示 “虽然…, 但是…”, 词组keep on doing… 意为 “继续做…”。
7. 那个孩子说起话来就好像是个大人似的。
注释：这是一个由as if 引导的方式状语从句, 表示 “就好像…”, 状语从句一般用虚拟语气。
8. 海伦一生中从未见过如此漂亮和珍贵的珠宝。
注释：此句为倒装句, 否定词never位于句首, 助动词has 放在在主语Helen之前。 9. 正在修建的那座桥将于5月完工。
注释：句中的being built是现在分词的被动语态作定语, 修饰主语the bridge, 表示“正在被建造的…” 。
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