同济考博英语真题2007

I Vocabulary 10%

Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there

are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then put a v in the corresponding place on the Answer Sheet.. 1. How can personal income tax be levied to _____ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much? A. interest B. benefit C. profit D. concern

2. To fund the ____ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).

A. beneficent B. expensive C. costly D. luxurious

3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are ______ by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone.

A. outdone B. outweighed C. outrun D. outrivaled

4. This is an alarming realization as natural resources and the environment are being degraded and ____ at a record pace.

A. wasted B. reconstructed C. destructed D. reversed

5. The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the _____ of the Russian winter. A. severity B. consequence C. influence D. threat

6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to _____its 90,000-person workforce into independent microteams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions.

A. break out B. break off C. break from D. break down

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同济大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题

7. Most environmental ____ — from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat loss — have become markedly worse.

A. symptoms B. highlights C. indicators D. symbols

8. What we call nature is, _____, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each other and upon their places.

A. in common sense B. from a sense C. by the sense D. in a sense

9. Although the \people in the remote countryside still think Internet or something is ____ to their life.

A. unconcerned B. irrelevant C. inseparable D. inaccessible 10. ____ near-perfect English language skills, the students were keen to explore every aspect of Australian culture, from Aussie eating customs to family and student life, popular culture, the natural landscape and the ever-popular Australian native animals.

A. Possessing B. Acquiring C. Apprehending D. Interpreting 11. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ____ the postal service is less efficient. A. where B. since C. that D. whereas

12. The board of directors have already discussed the subject ____ in the previous meetings and they will handle it in all its aspects.

A. in place B. at length C. on end D. off and on 13. Reflecting on our exploration , we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, ____ they may be. A. whatsoever B. whatever C. whichever D. which

14. The World Bank is taking steps to ____ its lending to reducing poverty in the Third World Countries.

A. orient B. tailor C. adapt D. adjust

15. Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into ____

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investments this year will double those made in 1997. A. sight B. vision C. perspective D. horizon

16. The year of 776 B.C. is considered to be the founding date of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The Games lasted more than 11 centuries ____ they were banned in 393 A.D.

A. when B. after C. as D. until

17. As did his ____ Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Henry Ford, Thomas Edison profoundly transformed the Western World. A. contemporaries B. part-owners C. companions D. accomplices

18. In a world where information is a flood — ____ to everyone, and where nothing is secret or proprietary — the only organizations and managers who will thrive are those who can quickly wade into the water, harness what they need, and then add value to it through speedy, innovative business decisions. A. acceptable B. available C. accessible D. attainable

19. The car pollutes, but advances in fuel quality and efficiency, and in microprocessed engine technology, have radically cut ____. A. releases B. emissions C. poisons D. contamination

20. If humans use up too much soil - which they have often done and are doing - then they will starve down to the carrying capacity of their habitat. This is nature's \____.

A. flexibility B. justice C. plasticity D. sensibility

II. Reading Comprehension 50%

Directions: Read the following passages and choose from the choices marked A, B,C

and D that best complete or answer the questions after each passage. Then put a ^in the corresponding place on the Answer Sheet..

Passage One Throughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitches

an ox to a plough.

Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to be carried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist.

The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small or fed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired.

The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasitic infestation.

Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies.

In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances. About 10 000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step, that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5 000 yea years ago.

This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5 000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks.

To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most marked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites, where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice

agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city.

The most complex nonhuman societies those of the insects, are, however, the result of

instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With

insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body. It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only. 21.Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage? 4

A. The process of species' making chemical energy is similar to the process of

combustion. B. The process of species' making chemical energy is less complicated than the process of combustion.

C. Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.

D. Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of stronger species. 22. From the passage we know ___.

A. fire made human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestation

B. fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies more efficiently C. fire made some animals frightened

D. fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely

23. Judging from the context, the phrase \

means____.

A. adventurous B. unhappy C. wandering D. unstable 24. The point of similarity between a complex, human society and a complex bee society is ___.

A. the division of labor B. the use of fire

C. the development of industry D. the development of a written language 25 .According to the passage, insect societies ___. A. are governed by the instincts of insects

B. are not fundamentally different from human societies C. are composed of individuals of the same type D. are as not warlike as human beings

Passage Two

Modem technology may not have improved the world all that much, but it certainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hell—if he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter. Yet what technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little

recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed \ passive\sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective \doesn't just contain, deflect, or mask the noise but annihilates it electronically.

The system works by countering the offending noise with -\anti-noise\sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but, that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image), so can a sound wave be negated by meeting its opposite.

This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it made for a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians 5

playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost, high-power microprocessors has made active noise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market.

Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound waves

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