铅酸蓄电池论文

黑龙江大学剑桥学院毕业论文（设计）

摘 要

随着电子技术日新月异的发展，人们开始越来越多地使用便携式设备，为满足对便携式电源的新要求，铅酸蓄电池因为维护简单、价格低廉、供电可靠、使用寿命长，广泛用作汽车、飞机、轮船等机动车辆或发电机组的启动电源。也在各类需要不间断供电的电子设备和便携式仪器仪表中用作一些电器及控制回路的工作电源。蓄电池使用寿命的长短直接影响了电池的性能等方面，所以铅酸蓄电池的使用寿命尤为重要。

蓄电池的智能充电技术是蓄电池行业广泛关注的课题，是影响充电质量及电池寿命的关键因素之一，相关技术的研究具有很高的实用价值。本文针对铅酸蓄电池的容量智能充电技术开展研究工作，介绍一种基于单片机的智能充电器的硬件和软件实现。主要包括蓄电池充电方法比较选择，电路的具体设计，适合大多数的人们使用。

该充电器可以实时采集和显示电池的容量 ，并进行智能控制 ，根据不同的电池调整充电策略 。实验证明 ，该设计具有数字化、智能化、通用化和低功耗的特点 。

关键词 铅酸蓄电池 智能充电 51单片机

I

黑龙江大学剑桥学院毕业论文（设计）

Abstract

With the development of technological change, growing use of portable equipment, to meet the new portable power demand, the battery for maintaining a simple and low prices, power supply reliability and durability, widely used in cars, aircraft and ships to wait for a motor vehicle or the start the current. In the various needs uninterrupted supply of electronic equipment and portable instruments used in making some electrical and control circuit of the work of the electricity supply. The battery life of the direct impact on the performance, so the battery is facing.

The intelligent charging technique is a subject which has been widely in the industry of battery. It is one of the key factors which affect the charging quality and battery life, the research of related technique has high practical value

【11】

. This paper concentrates efforts on

studying high-capacity intelligent charging technique for lead-acid, Introduce a revivification of the charger's hardware and software. Mainly include the comparison and selection of the charging methods, the research of charging algorithm and the design of charging system.

The charger time collecting and displays the arguments and intelligent control and through the string mouth and upper, and real-time communications, to recharge the batteries. Experiments proved that the design of digitalization and intelligent, universal and low characteristics

Keyword Lead-acid battery Intelligent-charging 51 Sing-chip Microcosm

【12】

.

II

黑龙江大学剑桥学院毕业论文（设计）

目 录

摘 要 ····································································································· I Abstract ····································································································· II

第1章 绪论 ·························································································· - 1 -

1.1 课题背景 ····················································································· - 1 -

1.2 充电技术的发展 ············································································ - 2 - 1.3 铅酸蓄电池充电器的要求及市场需求 ················································· - 2 - 1.4 本文主要研究的内容 ······································································ - 3 - 第2章 铅酸蓄电池的简介 ········································································ - 4 -

2.1 铅酸蓄电池的发展历史 ··································································· - 4 - 2.2 铅酸蓄电池的市场 ········································································· - 4 - 2.3 铅酸蓄电池的工作原理 ······································································ 5 2.4 铅酸蓄电池的主要用途 ··································································· - 5 - 2.5 铅酸蓄电池充电电压与电池电量恢复的关系 ··········································· 6 第3章 铅酸蓄电池充电方法比较 ······························································· - 7 -

3.1 恒流充电 ····················································································· - 7 - 3.2 阶段充电法 ····················································································· 8 3.3 几种快速充电技术 ············································································ 9 3.3.1 脉冲式充电法 ········································································ - 9 - 3.3.2 变电流间歇充电法 ·································································· - 9 - 3.3.3 变电压间歇充电法 ································································ - 10 - 3.4 恒压充电 ··················································································· - 10 - 第4章 硬件设计 ··················································································· - 12 -

4.1 整压稳流电路设计 ······································································· - 12 - 4.1.1 LM317稳压管的简介 ···························································· - 13 - 4.1.2 LM317稳压管的性能 ···························································· - 14 - 4.2 单片机及驱动电路电源的设计 ························································ - 14 - 4.2.1 AT89C2051单片机的介绍 ······················································ - 17 - 4.2.2 AT89C2051单片机的主要性能 ··················································· 20 4.2.3 AT89C2051单片机的软硬件开发 ············································· - 20 - 4.2.4 AT89C2051单片机的性价比 ··················································· - 21 - 4.3 显示电路 ··················································································· - 21 - 4.3.1 DM7447简介 ······································································ - 22 - 4.3.2 数码管 ··············································································· - 25 - 4.3.3 七段译码器与数码管的链接和显示 ··········································· - 26 - 第5章 软件设计 ·································································································· - 28 -

III

黑龙江大学剑桥学院毕业论文（设计）

5.1 主程序的设计 ················································································ 28 5.2 定时显示子程序的设计 ···································································· 30 总 结 ·································································································· - 31 - 致 谢 ·································································································· - 32 - 参考文献 ······························································································· - 33 - 附录1 总电路图 ···················································································· - 34 - 附录2 软件程序 ···················································································· - 35 -

IV

黑龙江大学剑桥学院毕业论文（设计）

第1章 绪论

1.1 课题背景

目前铅酸蓄电池运用于各个行业中，如目前流行的电动自行车，电瓶车，工业上的自动引导车，机器人等等。电池的使用量很大。而对于铅酸蓄电池来说，使用方法得当，其使用寿命甚至可以达到20年。但实际情况却是很多铅酸蓄电池使用几年甚至一两年就报废了，纠其原因就在于铅酸蓄电池的使用过程中存在很多不当之处，比如长期过充电状态，放电过度，充电电流过大，长期不满电等都会降低铅酸蓄电池的使用寿命。如果改善了充电器，并能活化蓄电池，延长使用寿命，将能节约大量资源和能源，并能降低废旧电池的处理压力，保护环境。

目前市场上常见的各种二次电池的主要性能比较如表1-1所示。对于镍氢电池、锂离子电池等能量密度高的蓄电池，对其充电的要求不是很严格，而能量密度相对低一点但价格便宜的铅酸蓄电池，充电要求则很严格。

表1-1 各种常用二次电池主要性能表

电池类型 镍氢1.2 电池 铅酸2.0 电池 镉镍1.2 电池 锂离子电池 3.6 115 260 200~250 400~500 5~10 500~1000 40~60 60~100 140~220 220~360 10~20 300~700 35 70 200 400 4~5 250~500 60 220 130 475 30 300~600 电压（V） 能量体积比能量体积功率质量功率体积自放电循环寿命（次） （Wh/kg） 比（Wh/L） 比（W/kg） 比（W/L） （%）

蓄电池的使用寿命是专业人员及使用人员普遍关注的问题，其由多方面因素决定，其中最重要的是蓄电池本身的物理性能。除此之外，电池的管理技术、不合理的充放电

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