英语专业写作教程第二册复习资料 - 图文

The preparation for the exam of Successful Writing

A good topic sentence should have at least the following features: 1. It is a complete sentence. 2. It contains both a topic and a controlling idea. 3. It is neither too general nor too specific, too emotional. 4. It tells the reader what to expect in the paragraph. Several devices can be used to help achieve coherence in a paragraph: 1. Repetition of key words and phrases 2. Transitional signals连词, 连接句子的短语 3. Use of pronouns代词 4. Repetition of sentence patterns 1. A thesis statement is best expressed in a complete sentence, not a question. 2. A thesis statement is clear. 3. A thesis statement focuses on a narrow aspect细微方面 of the subject. 4. A thesis statement sets forth the writer's view. 5. A thesis statement is not an obvious opinion that readers already share. 6. A thesis statement can be defended by reasoning rather than by emotion.不能太情绪化

? 段落写作方法一：Development by time（Linking devices） 1. 根据日期，小时，月份写时间

? 段落写作方法二：Development by space（Linking words of location and direction） 1. 水平（左到右）：to the left, to the right, next to 2. 垂直（上到下）：below在下面, under, 3. 纵深（里面到外面）：in front, in back, behind在后面, beyond 4. 环形（从东到西，再由西到东）：on the opposite side, across 5. 放射形（从近到远）：foreground to background

The preparation for the exam of Successful Writing

? 段落写作方法三：Process analysis（Step by step） 1. in detail from beginning to end 2. Follow the order of the actual steps

3. explanation or classification to further clarify the procedure. （more typical） 例子：

? first，then，after this，now，when all this is done，finally......

? A festival for the Dead is held once a year in Japan. This festival is a cheerful occasion, for

on this day, the dead are said to return to their homes and they are welcomed by the living. Food is firstly prepared and laid out for them as they are expected to be hungry after their long journey home. Also prepared and specially made are the lanterns, which are hung outside each house to help the dead to find their way. Afterward people keep dancing and singing all night long till the early morning. Then the food that had been laid out for the dead is now thrown into a river or into the sea as it is considered unlucky for anyone living to eat it. In thrown that are near the sea, the tiny lanterns , which had been hung in the streets the night before, are placed into the water. This signals the end of the festival. Thousands of lanterns then slowly drift out to sea guiding the dead on their return journey to the other world. This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.

? 1. 2. 3.

段落写作方法四：Development by exemplification Specific 具体

And relevant相关的

Sufficient充分的（比如说多个例子）

The preparation for the exam of Successful Writing

? 段落写作方法五：Methods of developing definition

1. The term术语 to be defined（basic dictionary meaning）是什么 2. The general group or class the term belongs to（synonyms）分类

3. The distinguishing characteristics of the term（direct explanation and indirect explanation）区别 4. 是什么，什么时候，为什么，长什么样，什么颜色，影响......

? 段落写作方法六：Cause and effect 1. 一个结果多个原因 2. 一个原因多个结果 3. 多个原因多个结果

? 段落写作方法七：Classification分类法

1. A topic sentence → a body → a concluding sentence 2. 写法： ①Something can be divided into (how many) things.

②Something fall into (how many) categories:

③There are basically (how many) types of (somethings) ? 段落写作方法八：Comparison and contrast 1. 一样一样对比（A1比B1，A2比B2......） 2. 一群一群对比（A比B）

? 段落写作方法九：Generalization（总结法）

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