空间计量经济学-协会培训111(2)

769098 6732015 2107823 4632301 18287539 1215332 565670 946378 720849 2263986 3551302 1867566 12319443 2660524 510810Generally speaking, observations such as these, for which the absolute location and/or relative positioning (spatial arrangement) is taken into account are referred to as spatial data.

空间数据的类型 Types of Spatial Data

Lattice data

Geostatistical dataPoint data

空间数据的特性 Spatial Data and Spatial Effects Spatial effects is a catchall term referring to both spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Spatial dependence (or autocorrelation) is a fundamental property of attributes located in space.– Tobler’s First Law of Geography–"attribute values in space are not random" Student (1914)–"near things are more related than distant things" Fisher (1935)

时间与空间的自相关 Autocorrelation in space and in time time series (“time line”) vs. spatial data (map) dependence in time vs. dependence in space:– Time: one-directional between two observations– Space: two-directional among several observations Spatial autocorrelation is more complicated, relative to the time series

case, by the second dimension (dependency might not be the same in alldirections) and by the lack of directionality (time has a natural unidirectional flow from past to present, simultaneous dependence in spatial

data).

为什么需要发展空间计量模型方法？ Why spatial econometrics?

为什么需要发展空间计量模型方法？ Why spatial econometrics? 由于空间数据具有空间依赖、空间异质的特性，打破了经典计量分析中样本相互独立的基本假设，导致OLS估计不再是有效的估计，通常的统计推断不再适用。 因此，在处理空间数据时，要引入一些合适的空间计量方法，即对经典计量技术加以修改以适于空间数据分析。

空间计量经济学的范畴 Spatial Econometrics: Four Dimensions Four Dimensions– Specifying the structure of Spatial

Dependence/Heterogeneity– Testing for the Presence of Spatial Effects

– Estimating Models with Spatial Effects– Spatial Prediction

空间自相关及其测度measures and tests of spatial autocorrelation

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