Social and Parasocial Relationships on Social Network Sites(2)

psychological consequences.Past scholarship of the issue has concluded that the Internet effect is neither positively nor negatively monolithic.For example,studies have found that networking oriented Internet uses(e.g.,e-mail,instant chat-ting,online forums)help build expansive human networks, strengthen social bonding,and promote social trust,but en-tertainment oriented Internet use leads to loneliness,social distrust,or Internet addiction.8–12In this sense,it can be in-ferred that the effect of SNSs on psychological well-being might change,depending on the type of SNS use. Regarding the type of SNS use,Kwak et al.’s study found that some Twitter users mutually follow each other,while others only follow other users without mutual interaction.13 Put differently,some Twitter users’interaction is symmetric, like interpersonal conversation,but others’interaction is asymmetric,that is,one user follows the other but not vice versa,like an audience consuming mass media content.Re-lying on data from Facebook users,Burke et al.also found that mutual relationships with Facebook friends increase so-cial capital(i.e.,quality of social networks)and decrease loneliness,but asymmetric relationships(e.g.,more receiving but less giving messages)hurt social capital and increase loneliness.14In short,whether a SNS relationship is inter-personal(i.e.,reciprocal)is a diverging condition to differ-entiate the effect of SNSs on psychological well-being. Parasocial relationships and their relationships

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