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Implicit_and_Explicit_Gender_Role_Expectations_of_Pain_among_College_Students_in_China

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·202·ChineseJournalofClinicalPsychologyVol.22No.22014ImplicitandExplicitGenderRoleExpectationsofPainamongCollegeStudentsinChina

(1AviationSafetyandSecurityCollege,CivilAviationFlightUniversityofChina,Guanghan618307,China;2CollegeofPsychology,SouthwestUniversity,Chongqing400715,China)

【Abstract】Objective:Genderroleexpectationsofpain(GREP)arereflectedbyindividuals’attitudestowardssexdiffer?encesinpainperception.TheaimofthepresentstudywastoexaminethefeatureoftheChineseimplicitandexplicitgen?derroleattitudesofpain.Methods:Explicitandimplicitattitudesof92ChineseundergraduatestosocialexpectationsinpainwereinvestigatedusingGREPquestionnaireandtheExtrinsicAffectiveSimonTask(EAST).Results:Theresultsof

WUXiao-yong1,HUANGXi-ting2

GREPinvestigationwerecongruentwithRobinson,RileyIIIandMyers(2001).Bothmaleandfemaleparticipantsagreedex?plicitlythattypicalwomanhavealowerpainthreshold,lowerpaintoleranceandhigherwillingnesstoreportpainthantypi?calman.InEASTtest,therewasasignificantassociationbetweenmenandlowfrequencyofpainreportsinbothmaleandfemaleparticipants.Interestingly,theassociationbetweenwomenandhighfrequencyofpainreportswasonlyfoundamongdissociationbetweenexplicitandimplicitGREPtowardwomenamongfemaleparticipants.Theresultsofimplicitattitude【Keywords】Genderroleexpectationsofpain;Sensitivitytopain;Enduranceofpain;Extrinsicaffectivesimontask中图分类号:R395.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1005-3611(2014)02-0202-08

measurementmayprovideamorespecificGREPtowardsmenandwomen.

maleparticipants.Nosucheffectwasfoundamongfemaleparticipants.Conclusion:Theresultssuggestedthattherewas

关于疼痛的外显和内隐性别角色期望研究

吴小勇1,黄希庭2

(1.中国民用航空飞行学院航空安全保卫学院,广汉618307;2.西南大学心理学部,重庆400715)

【摘要】目的:考察中国人关于疼痛的外显和内隐性别角色期望特征。方法:92名健康大学生作为研究对象,其中女性48人,男性44人,分别通过关于疼痛的性别角色期望问卷和外部情绪性Simon任务测量其关于疼痛的外显和内隐性别角色期望。结果:在外显态度测量中,无论是女性还是男性被试均认为,相对于男性,女性的疼痛临界点更低、疼痛耐受力更低、表达疼痛倾向更高。在内隐态度测量中,男性与高疼痛耐受力或低疼痛敏感性的内隐联结在男性和女性被试的测量结果中均体现出来,但是,女性与低疼痛耐受力或高疼痛敏感性的内隐联结仅仅在男性被试的测量结果中体现出来,女性被试的测量结果中没有表现出相应的内隐联结。结论:研究证实了中国女性关于疼痛的外显和内隐女性性别角色期望存在分离的现象。

【关键词】关于疼痛的性别角色期望;疼痛敏感性;疼痛耐受力;外部情绪性Simon任务

1Introduction

Genderroleexpectationsofpain(GREP)arere?

stoicism[2].Theotherproposesthatsocialrolesforwom?Nevertheless,it’sanimportantquestion,whichhasbeenunresolvedyet,thateitherorbothofabovetwoferenceinpainperception.

flectedbyindividuals’attitudestowardssexdifferenc?esinpainperception.Robinson,RileyIIIandMyershavefoundthatpeopleratetypicalmanlesswillingtoreportpain,lesssensitiveandmoreenduringofpaintheattitudesaboutsexdifferenceinpainperception.Onesuggeststhatsocialrolesformenmayencourage

enmayencouragepainawarenessandexpression[3].viewpointsleadtoindividual’sattitudeaboutsexdif?enceinclinicalandexperimentalpainresponses.

GREPhavebeenproposedtoexplainsexdiffer?

thantypicalwoman[1].Therearetwoexplanationsfor

Somestudiesrevealedthatcomparedtowomen’spainreport,men’spainreportwasmoreinfluencedbyinvestigatedidentificationwithgenderexpectationsforpaintoleranceinbothmenandwomen,andcomparedGREP.Forexample,Pool,SchweglerandTheodore[4]

【基金项目】教育部人文社会科学研究项目(13YJC190003);中国民用航空飞行学院面上项目(JZ2012-21);中国民用航空飞行学院科研基金重点项目(JZ2009-07)

通讯作者:黄希庭,Email:xthuang@swu.edu.cn

中国临床心理学杂志2014年第22卷第2期

experimentalfiedwithhighlywithpaingendertolerancenormsofwithparticipantswhoidentifiedwhoidenti?betweengenderpainhighnorms.andlow-identifyingTheyfoundsignificantmeninexperimentaldifferencelowlytweenDefrin,tolerance.GREPShrammNoitemsandsuchandElipainalsoeffecttolerancefoundwasthatfoundwerecorrelationsforwomen.strongerbe?menthanwomen[3]fortudesmen’tosperformance.GREP.

wasThemoreresultsaffectedmightbyindicatewhoseatti?that

women?WhyisexplicitGREPunrelatedtopainreportsofphenomenonPool[4]etal.providedtwoexplanationsforthis

becausecouldthe.Aflooreffectmayberesponsibleforit,muchnotdistinguishpainstimulationindividualsincreasedwhocaninnotincrementsentoparticipatewhopain.identifyAlternatively,agreaterproportionoftoleratewom?forwithpainfulgenderstimulationnormsofinvolvedpainmightintherefuseperiment,ex?forbeenwomenandsupportedgroup.thismightinflatepaintolerancescoresstillotherexplanationsbyHowever,anyforfurtherthesetheseresearch,explanationsresults.

andtherehavenotarealbehavior,Inunderstandingitisnecessaryhowattitudetoconsidermayinfluencetheprocesses

actu?

thatthedeterminebehavioringeneral.Overthecourseof

evidencepastfewtionalsoabouthasyears,theirshownanimpressiveamountofresearch

environmentthatindividualsinnotonlyprocessaninforma?thatvated,implicitanimplicitbutexplicitattitudemode[5-7]attitudeisautomatically.Previousstudiesexplicitsuggestedbutsciousmayonlyactivateanddirectlywithacti?con?

directlydeliberation[8,9].Assuch,anautomaticallyandmoreactivatedattitudemaybequitedistinctfromaresponsesMostdeliberativepreviousattitude.

focusedonstudiestheeffectaboutofsexexplicitdifferenceGREPin[10-pain12]and,thoughnoresearchcalcatethanallwomenparticipantsconcernedinpainagreeeffectofimplicitGREP.Al?responsivity,thatmenitweremorestoi?Itthatwomenaregenerallysensitivedoesandeffeminate.notimpli?tween’sinevitableExplicitmenforthemtocomparepainrespondingbe?tudesofGREPtestandusuallywomenformencaninand’explicittreflectGREPinvestigation.womenstraightforwardseparately.Implicit

atti?·203·attitudeassociationsmeasurementscouldallowonetoassessdirect

painontheresponding.betweenpainreportsLowmen/womenofmediatingwomeninroleandpreviousofattributesexplicitstudiesGREPaboutreflectmay

expectationsweakofimplicitpaininassociationwomen’smind.

betweenwomenandwhetherTheoftheaimimplicitoftheandpresentexplicitstudywastoexamine

orpainnot.aboutWepredictedwomeninthatChinesemalewomengenderroleattitudes

participantsarediscordant

’implicititGREPattitudes,onbothandgenderfemalewereparticipantscongruent’implicitwiththeirGREPexplic?menwerecongruentwiththeirexplicitattitudes,howev?

oner,thetheexplicitimplicitattitudes.

GREPonwomenwereincongruentwith2

Materialandmethods

2.1

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andsample48women),includedalldatainfromgood92health.collegeThestudentsage3.21;participantsrangedfrom19to24(Mof

men=21.54,SD=

ticipantsMwomenformedtook=21.79,SD=4.06;t=0.55,P=0.588).Allpar?foreconsentpartwasinobtainedthisstudyfromaspaidallparticipantsvolunteers.In?2.2theMaterial

study.be?2.2.1

outwhichtheGREPChinesequestionnaire

translationAllparticipantsfilled

clusters:measuressex-relatedofattitudesGREPregardingquestionnaire,three

nesstoreportpainpain.sensitivity,Eachclusterpainendurance,includesfouranditems(12

willing?itemsthemselvesinall)whetherandregardingtheoppositehowsex,menshownandwomenperceivesensitiveparticipantstypicalto/endurableperceiveto/willingthemselvesasfollowing:toreportpaintobethanmore①the

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whetherto/willingmoreparticipantstoreportpainthanthetypicalwoman,④

thansensitiveto/endurableperceiveto/willingthetypicaltowomanreporttopainbespondentthetypicalona100man.mmAnswerslinewithwereendpointsdrawndenotedbytheasre?

0

·204·(muchTheless)questionnaireand100(muchwasmore)translatedontheintoscale.

aChineseby

backnativeversionintoChinesewasEnglish.speakerthencomparedForvalidityandthenwasretranslatedwithpurposestheretranslatedtheoriginalsion.

ver?2.2.2

sessimplicitExtrinsicgenderAffectiveroleattitudesSimonTask(EAST)

ofpain,weusedToas?

verbala

wasoriginaloriginallyExtrinsicdesignedAffectiveSimonTask(EAST),which

spondsImplicitAssociationbyDeHouwer[13]Test(IAT).Althougheffectthe

entingtasks,tothedifferenceinperformanceontwodiffer?corre?responsetrialswithinanEASTeffectcanbecalculatedbycompar?theandthethetargetsamestimulustask(i.e.,trialsonwhichtheassociatedsamevalenceeffectsarelesswithlikelyacompareddifferentvalence).totrialsareonassociatedTherefore,whichtheywithEASTaretivevariablesthatdeterminetobeinfluencedhowparticipantsbynon-associa?tasks.recode

tagesTheEASTalsohassomeotherpotentialadvan?unlikecomparedciationthemoreandIAT,multipleittocouldtheoriginalIAT.Mostimportantly,associations.allowonetoassessThisallowssingleasso?wardstraightforwardiesIATbymenassessmentofimplicitattitudesforto?aDeandwomen.Notethat,arecentseriesofstud?vidualmaygueddifferencesperformHouwerbetterandDeBruyckershowedthattheinattitudesthanthe[14].EASTininter-indi?vidualthatwhileEASTmightnotbeReineckeetal.ar?tobediagnostics,itissufficientlyapplicablereliableandtoindi?validtousingsortDuringusedintargetthetheassessmentofgroupdifferences[15].

andpresentattributeEAST,wordsparticipantsaswereasked

Targetcorrespondentresponsekeysfastonasthepossiblekeyboard.

by

boy,girl,men)wordsandincluded5female5pronouns(woman,malepronouns(man,lady,lad,madam,sir,sentedsistedwomen)ofintwo(seegreenChineseAppendix).orbluecharactersAlltargetcolor.Extrinsicandwerewordsresponseeitherwerecon?wordspre?frequencyincluded5ofadjectivespainreport(HFPR)whichwereassociated(effeminate,withtender,highsensitive,ciatednesstowithreportlowlowpain),pain-frequencyandtolerance5ofadjectivesthreshold,painreport(LFPR)whichhighwerewilling?(tough,asso?

ChineseJournalofClinicalPsychologyVol.22No.22014insensitive,willingnessstoical,thetoreporthighpain),pain-tolerancechosenfromthreshold,internetandlow

ters.sponsepreviousTargetwordsGREPwordswerewereconsistedresearches[1,3]ofthree.AllpresentedontheChineseextrinsiccoloredcharac?re?whereastheextrinsictrials,

wordswhiteChineseweretrials.presentedAllresponseontargetswordstheblackandwereextrinsicpresentedbackground.responseonEachgram,Presentationscharacterwhichoperatedwerewascontrolled30mmingraphicsbyhighanandE-Prime30mm1.1wide.

mode.Participantspro?wereproximatelyseatedinfrontofrespondbypressing40cmfromthethethecomputerkey“19atadistanceofap?Qinch”orscreen.thekey“TheyP”oncouldkeyboard.the

2.3

ParticipantsProcedure

ly.completedtheexperimentgivenAfterfillingoutaninformedconsentform,individual?theywere

Thesewritteninstructionsonthecomputerscreen.wouldinstructionsscreen.bepresentedinformedinthemiddleparticipantsofthethatcomputerwordsingingtheorthekeyTheir“colorPtask”orwasofthekeyto“classifyQ”dependingthesewordsonthebypress?thepresentedword.Theyweremean?thattoldingstructedofifthethewordwordwaswasimportant.white(i.e.,Allnotparticipantscolored),theweremean?in?andwordtopresstopressthekeythe“keyQ”“forP”whiteforwhiteLFPRHFPRwords.wordsIftheP”orwas“Qcolored,”dependingtheyonweretheinstructedcolorofthetopressword.theHalfkey

theofresponseparticipantsresponsetowordswereinainstructedbluishcolortopressandthethekeykey““QP””ininments.pantsreceivedtowordsNext,participantstheinareversedgreenishcolor.werecolorTheinformedresponseotherpartici?thatassign?crossaredwouldanincorrectwouldappearremainresponse.underneathonthescreenBothuntilthethecrosswordtheparticipantandiftheythemadewordgavetheyspondthecorrectwereasquicklyresponse.toldthatandParticipantsthereaccuratelywouldbeasweretwopossible.askedpracticeFinally,tore?of20trialsfollowedbyfourtestblocksof30trialsblocksthatalltheexperimentwouldtakeabout15minutes.and

Theexperimentstartedwithapracticeblockdur?

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