Chapter 2 Writing paragraphs

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Chapter2 Writing paragraphsIntroduction Essays are divided into paragraphs. If your essay is one continuous piece of text, it will be very difficult for any reader to follow your argument. Therefore essays need paragraphs. Essays are divided into paragraphs in a meaningful way. A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one topic or idea. The topic of one paragraph should follow logically from the topic of the last paragraph and should lead on to the topic of the next paragraph. The paragraphs have different functions, but all develop an idea - that is, they add information, explanation, examples and illustrations to the central theme or idea until the theme is fully developed.

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A good paragraph should have only one main idea (unity) A good paragraph should have a topic semantic structure (a topic statement, developing sentences, a concluding sentence) A good paragraph should have a clear logical development(coherence)

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Three Parts of a Paragraph1.Topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence.

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1.Topic sentenceTopic sentence= topic+ controlling idea (narrowing the topic) (Topic) (Controlling idea) . A .Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. (Topic)

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B. The spoken word (whether conversation or oratory or the coy mixture of the two which is now familiar to us on (Controlling Idea) Television) is a very different thing from the written word

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2. Supporting sentencesFunction: to develop the topic sentence. They explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics and quotations. e.g. (Following A), . A 1.Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important

characteristics. 2.First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. 3. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. 4.Another important characteristics of gold is its utility in industry and science. 5.The most recent application of gold is in astronauts’ suits.

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What-type how-type which –type The organs of the human body are independent and interralated.(Why or How-type)

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Analysis:

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3.Concluding SentenceFunction: to signal the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember. The concluding or clincher sentence Restate the topic sentence in different words. A clincher sentence or concluding sentence clinches the point made in the paragraph. It summarizes the paragraph.

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[In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its utility.] [It is therefore not fair to take a report of a speech or of an oral statement and criticise it as if it were a piece of considered writing.]

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To signal the end of the paragraph, linguistic signals such as in conclusion, in summary, finally, Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially of Homo sapiens, the biological species to which we human beings belong. It is the study of how our species evolved from more primitive organisms; it

is also the study of how our species developed a mode of communication known as language and a mode of social life known as culture. It is the study of how culture evolved and diversified. And finally, it is the study of how culture, people, and nature interact wherever human beings are found.

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Though the United States has spent billions of dollars on foreign aid programs, it has captured neither the affection nor esteem of the rest of the world. In many countries today Americans are cordially disliked; in others merely tolerated. The reasons for this sad state of affairs are many and varied, and some of them are beyond the control of anything this country might do to try to correct them. But harsh as it may seem to the ordinary citizen, filled as he is with good intentions and natural generosity, much of the foreigners' animosity has been generated by the way Americans behave. (Restatement of the topical idea—final comment)

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How to Write a good topic sentenceA topic sentence gives only the main idea; therefore, it is the most general statement in the paragraph. It does not give any specific details. Good The Arabic origin of many English

words is not always obvious. Too specific The slang expression “so long”(meaning goodbye) is probably a corruption of the Arabic “salaam”. (The latter better serves as an example)

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Avoid: too general American food is terrible

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Positions of Topic sentencesThis topic sentence is usually found at the beginning of the paragraph, but can come at the end or even in the middle of the paragraph. The rest of the paragraph generally expands the theme contained in the main sentence, and each idea round the main theme is supported by information and evidence (in the form of illustrations and examples), and by argument. The topic sentence may also be the first and last sentence of the paragraph”sandwichstyle”. The second topic sentence in this style also serves as a concluding sentence. See Textbook: 7)

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