What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.
These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, "The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring." But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.
Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback -- positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.
Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.
75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.
A. is useful to the people on the lower layer
B. is built on a performance-reward system
C. is a barrier to the exchange of medical views
D. is an effective way of teaching medical students
76. "the benefit of the doubt" in Paragraph 5 shows that_________________.
A. the student was not quite certain that she was right
B. the resident did not respond to the student's doubt
C. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superior
D. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion
77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.
A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionally
B. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patients
C. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficulties
D. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients
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78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?
A. Confused.
B. Indifferent.
C. Reluctant.
D. Enthusiastic.
79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical students
A. will remain for a long time
B. will disappear in the near future
C. should not be exaggerated
D. cannot be solved successfully
80. The passage focuses on_____________.
A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchies
B. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchies
C. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchies
D. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchies
PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)
Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)
In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．
Section B(15 minutes，10 points)
中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。一方面是生产规模在不断扩大，消耗更多的能源；另一方面是缺少能高效利用能源的生产设备。这迫使我们思考如何为后人留下足够的环境空间以使他们实现他们的愿望。
PART VI WRITING(30 minutes，10 points)
Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “Publish or Perish” Your composition should be based on the information given below：Many universities require each graduate student to have at least one paper published before getting the master's degree．They say this is a good way to evaluate the graduate students．What do you think about this?
参考答案
Part V Translation
Section A
在本书中，我们提出一些建议，我们希望这些建议看起来合理并值得认真考虑。但有经验的作者都知道，有时最好的建议也可能不适用。写书要针对不同的读者，具有不同的目的，有关不同的题材，语言的正式程度也不同，所有这一切提出种种要求，本书是无法预见到的。我们也意识到对某一作品是合适的内容而对另一作品来说可能不合适。在多数情况下，你只好不惜代价把含义表达清楚(避免含义不清)，目的是防止人们随意曲解你使用的文字。
Section B
The limited natural resources on which China's sustainable development depends are declining sharply, on the one hand, the expanding scale of production leads to (results in) increased consumption of energy / the scale of
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production keeps expanding, consuming more energy. On the other hand, production facilities (equipment) that can utilize energy efficiently are lacking. That (This) forces us to think about how to leave enough environmental space to future generations (our offspring) so that they can fulfill their aspirations.
2008-1
PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )
Section A (0.5 point each)
21. The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.
A. subjectively
B. imaginably
C. positively
D. practically
22. In spite of the taxing business schedule, he managed to take some time off for exercise.
A. imposing
B. demanding
C. compulsory
D. temporary
23. The court held the parents accountable for the minor child's acts of violence.
A. responsible for
B. indifferent to
C. desperate for
D. involved in
24.The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships.
A. in units of
B. with reference to
C. in aspects of
D. on condition of
25. "There is a weird power in a spoken word," Joseph Conrad once said.
A. mighty
B. prospective
C. odd
D. formidable
26. Poverty and inadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community's health.
A. destruction
B. contribution
C. charge
D. origin
27. This old man had trouble expressing the attachment he felt when arriving at his native town.
A. hospitality
B. affection C: appeal D. frustration
28. If you become reconciled to your lot, you will never get a new start in life.
A. submissive
B. resistant
C. tolerable
D. committed
29. The little girl felt increasingly uneasy while waiting for her mother at the bus-stop.
A. difficult
B. excited
C. relieved
D. restless
30. A high official is likely to win respect and trust if he can stick to his principles.
A. turn to
B. add to
C. keep to
D. lead to
Section B (0.5 point each)
31. To achieve sustainable development, the of resources is assuming new importance.
A. conservation
B. reservation
C. exhaustion
D. devastation
32. The sale of alcoholic beverages is ________ to those above 21 in some regions.
A. confined
B. inhibited
C. obliged
D. restricted
33. The importance of protecting rainforests from human invasion is increasingly realized by developing and developed
countries_______.
A. both
B. either
C. alike
D. apart
34. Before the 1980s, the idea of health insurance was quite _______ to those living in the mainland of China.
A. overseas
B. abroad
C. foreign
D. offshore
35. The government is expected to make new legislations to ______ foreign investment in real estate.
A. manipulate
B. regulate
C. dominate
D. prevail
36. Despite the suspect's ________to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.
A. conviction
B. assertion
C. accusation
D. speculation
37. For many countries, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil -- oil that may never ____.
A. run out
B. work out
C. turn out
D. call out
38. Having been an office secretary for some years, she always _______chores in a responsible way.
A. goes on
B. goes for
C. goes without
D. goes about
39. Without clear guidelines ______, executives of hospitals are sometimes at a loss about what to do.
A. in order
B. in place
C. in need
D. in trouble
40. The age of other trees is variously estimated as ______ from two hundred to eight hundred years.
A. changing
B. differing
C. varying
D. ranging
PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)
Every year, as the price of goods rises, the inflation refuses to (41) even from the high educational institutions.
In the US, according to a 2005 survey by the College Board, (42) at state universities rose by an average of 7.1 percent annually, after a year when inflation grew much less. At private schools it was up 5.9 percent. The survey which (43) more than 3,000 colleges and universities did not provide clear reasons for the continued increases. It did say that the price of goods and services at universities have risen rapidly. Some of the fastest growth has been in employee health
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(44), and professional salaries.
Living expenses on campus have also (45). At the university of Southern California student dining hall, a buffet meal cost $5.50 in 2004. But now it's $9. The US government often provides (46) assistance to students' lunch in primary and high schools, but these favorable policies usually don't (47) universities.
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