博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文

博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文

KEY TO THE EXERCISES

Unit One Science

Text 1 Can We Really Understand Matter?

I. Vocabulary

1. A

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. B

8. C

II. Definition

1. A priority

2. Momentum

3. An implication

4. Polarization

5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km.

6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth

7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energies

III. Mosaic

1. The stress: (Omitted)

Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with–tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one.

2. molecule

3. A

4. B

5. C

6. B

7. A

8. A

IV. Translation

A.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)

B.In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfully developed in European

Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-matter. They are the ―destruction‖ phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.

V. Grouping

A.Uncertainty:

what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious way

B.Contrast:

more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly well

C. Applications of Quantum mechanics:

the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes

1. probabilities

2. illusory

3. discourage

4. scrutiny

VI. Topics for Discussion and Writing

(Omitted)

WRITING?STRATEGY?DEFINITION

I. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.

1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions of power) unfairly or

illegally by offering them favors or gifts.

2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other, especially that by which

a large mass pulls a smaller one to it.

3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch that arises from an inability of the software to deal

correctly with dates of January 2000 or later.

4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible international influence or operation. II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.

1. hypothesis

A hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts, proving an argument,

etc. Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off.

2. science

Science is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.

3. superstition

Superstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it is a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.

4. pessimism

Pessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad.

5. inpidualism

Inpidualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the inpidual are the most important rights in

a society. It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collective or a good one in

that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.

Text 2 Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model Idles

I. Vocabulary

1. C

2. A

3. B

4. A

5. C

6. D

7. D

8. B

II. Definition

1. A refrain

2. A spark

3. A jingle

4. Symmetry

5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.

6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.

7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes.

III. Mosaic

1. gravity

2. anti-/opposite

3. D

4. B

5. A

6. A

7. B

8.A

IV. Translation

A.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)

B. The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there, and even

unfinished, it is arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter – all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons – as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another. These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each other‘s influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the Standard Model‘s description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces – those that describe gravity – are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus.

V. Grouping

A.Particle physics:

supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, string

B.Strangeness:

bizarre, beyond the ken of

C.Antonyms:

gravity–antigravity

1. novelty

2. revelatory

3. Symmetry

4. gravity

VII. Topics for Discussion and Writing

(Omitted)

WRITING ? STRATEGY? EXEMPLIFICATION AN D ILLUSTRATION (Omitted)

Text 3 Supporting Science

I. Vocabulary

1. D

2. C

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. A

7. B

8. A

9. C 10. D 11. B 12. A

II. Definition

1. A portfolio

2. A vista

3. Cryptography

4. Paleontology

5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation

6. a group of people having common interests

7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organization

III. Rhetoric

1. pouring money into

2. column

3. unbridled

4. twilight

5. blossomed into

IV. Mosaic

1. phenomenon criterion datum medium

(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form)

2. A

3. A

4. B

5. B

6. B

7. C

8. B

V. Translation

A.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)

B. The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperity and

development are based on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.

EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is ―insufficient investment in research and development.‖ Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into res earch and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen the competitive competency of an enterprise.

VI. Grouping:

A.Negligence of basic research:

corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirking our support

B.Significant examples of basic research:

computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research)

C.Ways to intensify arguments:

moved support for science from a ―want to have‖ squarely into the ―need to have‖ column

1. resounding

2. second-guessing

3. downsized

4. subjected

VII. Topics for Discussion and Writing

(Omitted)

WRITING ? STRATEGY ? COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY

(Omitted)

Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?

I. Vocabulary

1. B

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. B

6. D

7. D

8. A

9. D 10. B 11. B 12. D

II. Definition

1. A constraint

2. Algorithm

3. A prerequisite

4. Ethics

5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion

6. a person‘s principles or standards of behaviour; one‘s judgement of what is important in life.

7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a project

III. Rhetoric

1. brushed under the carpet

2. smell

3. hands and brains

4. battle front

5. module . . . module

IV. Mosaic

1. /z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /s/

/s/ /iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/

/iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/ /z/

/z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /z/

/s/ after voiceless consonants

/z/ after voiced consonants

/iz/ after a word ended with –es

2. B

3. D

4. A

5. D

6. A

7. C

V. Translation

A.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)

B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way to produce life. They

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