Belief–desire reasoning in the explanation of behavior,Do actions speak louder than words(7)

心理理论

188A.E. Wertz, T.C. German / Cognition 105 (2007) 184–194

Fig.1. Mean errors in performance for each candidate explanation according to condition for Experiment

1 (left panel) and Experiment 2 (right panel). For Experiment 1, explanation types were ‘desire for targetobject’ (DT; correct answerDendorse), ‘desire for the distracter object’ (DD; correct answerDreject),‘false belief about target object’ (FBT; correct answerDendorse) and ‘true belief about target object’(TBT; correct answerDreject). For Experiment 2 the explanation types were ‘belief held about targetobject’ (BHT; correct answerDendorse), ‘belief held about distracter object’ (BHD; correctanswerDreject), ‘belief not held about target object’ (BNHT; correct answerDreject) and ‘belief not heldabout distracter object’ (BNHD; correct answerDreject). All error bars represent §1 standard erroraround the mean.

Results

Responses consistent with the information presented in the story were scored ascorrect; responses inconsistent with that information were scored as errors. Thus, thecorrect responses were: endorsing the desire for the target object, endorsing a correct(false) belief about the target object location, rejecting the desire for the distracterobject, and rejecting an incorrect (true) belief about the target object location. Theconverse response for each explanation counted as an error.

The error scores for each explanation type, arranged by condition, appear in Fig.1(left panel). Error rates were low for all explanation types in both conditions (Merror range 4.2–13.9%), the exception being the rejection of the ‘desire for distracterobject’ explanation in the ADO condition (MD32.1%). This pattern was conWrmedin a 2 (condition; ADO vs. AE) by 4 (explanation type; ‘desire for target’ [DT], ‘desirefor distracter’ [DD], ‘false belief about target’ [FBT], ‘true belief about target’ [TBT])analysis of variance (ANOVA), with repeated measures for the ‘explanation type’factor.2 There was no overall eVect of condition but there was a main eVect ofexplanation type (F(3,189)D17.28, p<.0001, 2D.22), qualiWed by a condition by

The same 2£4 ANOVA was conducted on the response time data, with error trials and outliers (de-Wned as response latencies >3 SD above the mean) removed. This revealed a main eVect of explanationtype (F(3,189)D17.02, p<.0001, 2D.21) in which the endorsement of correct explanations was faster thanthe rejection of incorrect explanations.2

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