The simplescalar tool set, version 2.0(19)

under Contract DABT63-95-C-0127 and ARPA order no. D346. The current support for this work comes from a variety of sources, all of to which we are indebted.

new cycleindicator

new instructionde nitions

@ 610

gf = ‘0x0040d098: addiugg = ‘0x0040d0a0: beq[IF]gfgg

[DA]gbgcgd\ge

decoded, orawaiting issue

r2, r4, -1’r3, r5, 0x30’

[EX]fyfzga+

fr\fs

ftfu

results intoRUU, or

awaiting retire

pipeline event:(misprediction

detected), see output[CT]

fq

current pipeline

state

fetched, or infetch queue

executing

results toregister le

Figure 7. Example of sim-outorder pipetrace

fpregsprint all oating point register contents.mstate [string]print machine-speci c state.dump <addr> [count]

dump memory at <addr> (optionally for<count> words).

dis <addr> [count]

disassemble instructions at <addr> (option-ally for <count> instructions).

symbolsprint the value of all program symbols.tsymbolsprint the value of all program text symbols.dsymbolsprint the value of all program data symbols.symbol <string>

print the value of symbol <string>.Legal arguments:

Arguments <addr>, <cnt>, <expr>, and <id> are any legalexpression:

<expr>← <factor> +|- <expr><factor>← <term> *|/ <factor><term>← ( <expr> )

| - <term> | <const> | <symbol> | < le:loc>

<symbol>← <literal> | <function name> | <register><literal>← [0-9]+ | 0x[0-9,a-f]+ | 0[0-7]+

<register>← $r[0-31] | $f[0-31] | $pc | $fcc | $hi | $loLegal ranges:

<range>← <address> | <instruction> | <cycle><address>← @<function name>:{+<literal>}<instruction>← {<literal>}:{<literal>}<cycle>← #{<literal>}:{<literal>}

Omitting optional arguments to the left of the colon will defaultto the smallest value permitted in that range. Omitting anoptional argument at the right of the colon will default to thelargest value permitted in that range.Legal command modi ers:bprint a byte

hprint a half (short)

wtox1fdcs

print a word (default)

print in decimal format (default)print in octal formatprint in hex formatprint in binary formatprint oatprint doubleprint characterprint string

Examples of legal commands:

break main+8break 0x400148dbreak stdin w

dbreak sys_count wrrbreak @main:+279rbreak 2000:3500rbreak #:100cycle 0 to cycle 100rbreak :entire execution

6 Summary

The SimpleScalar tool set was written by Todd Austin overabout one and a half years, between 1994 and 1996. He continuesto add improvements and updates. The ancestors of the tool setdate back to the mid to late 1980s, to tools written by ManojFranklin. At the time the tools were developed, both individualswere research assistants at the University of Wisconsin-MadisonComputer Sciences Department, supervised by Professor GuriSohi. Scott Breach provided valuable assistance with the imple-mentation of the proxy system calls. The rst release was assem-bled, debugged, and documented by Doug Burger, also aresearch assistant at Wisconsin, who is the maintainer of the sec-ond release as well. Kevin Skadron, currently at Princeton,implemented many of the more recent branch prediction mecha-nisms.

Many exciting extensions to SimpleScalar are both underwayand planned. Efforts have begun to extend the processor simula-

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