英语II(2)学习资料

英语II（2）学习资料

一、“大学英语（B）”考试大纲

试点高校网络教育部分公共基础课全国统一考试，旨在遵循网络教育应用型人才的培养目标，针对从业人员继续教育的特点，重在检验学生掌握基础知识的水平及应用能力，全面提高现代远程高等学历教育的教学质量。“大学英语”课程是现代远程教育试点高校网络教育实行全国统一考试的部分公共基础课之一。该课程的考试是一种基础水平检测性考试，考试合格者应达到与成人高等教育本科相应的大学英语课程要求的水平。

考试对象

教育部批准的现代远程教育试点高校网络教育学院和中央广播电视大学“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”项目中，

自2004年3月1日（含3月1日）以后入学的本科层次学历教育的学生，应参加网络教育部分公共基础课全国统一考试。

“大学英语（B）”考试大纲适用于除英语类和艺术类专业以外的其他专业高中起点与专科起点本科学生。

考试目标

本考试旨在全面检查现代远程教育所有专业（除英语类和艺术类专业）的学生综合运用英语听、说、读、写各项技能的基本能力。考生应掌握基本的英语语法知识和词汇，具备运用不同的阅读和听力技巧获取信息的能力以及用英语进行口头和笔头交际的基本能力。

考试内容与要求

【语法】 考生应掌握基本的英语语法知识，并能在听、说、读、写、译中较正确地加以运用。 【词汇】 考生应认知3 000个单词，并熟练掌握其中的1 800个单词及其基本的搭配。

【听力】 考生应能基本听懂日常生活以及社会生活中的一般性谈话，平均语速为每分钟110个单词。考生应能：

1、理解主旨要义；

2、获取事实性的具体信息；

3、理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。

【交际能力】 考生应掌握日常生活常见情景中的基本交际用语。

【阅读】 考生应能读懂与日常生活和社会生活相关的不同类型的文字材料，阅读速度为每分钟50个单词。考生应能：

1、理解主旨要义； 2、理解文中具体信息；

3、根据上下文推测生词词义；

4、进行有关的判断、推理和引申，理解作者的意图、观点或态度。

【写作】 考生应能在30分钟内写出长度不少于80词的常见应用文及一般的叙述文、说明文和议论文。考生应能：

1、用较正确的语法、词汇、拼写、标点进行表达； 2、基本做到内容切题，结构严谨，条理清楚； 3、根据不同的写作目的进行有针对性的写作。

试卷结构与题型

项 目 部 分 A 听力 B C 交际 用语 3篇短文，包括应用阅读 理解 文、描述 文、记叙文、说明文或议论文等 词汇与结构 写作 A B 单句 短文 作文 多项选择 完形填空 语法和词汇 词汇、句法和篇章 15个题 10个空 1道题 15 10 15 25 15 30 30 多项选择 理解主旨要义、具体信息，根据上下文推测词义 15个题 30 30 30 内 容 简短对话 简短对话 短文 简短对话 题 型 考 点 获得主旨大题 量 10个题 5个题 5个题 10个题 分 值 10 5 5 10 总 分 时间 （分钟） 20 多项选择 意和具体信息的能力 20 多项选择 日常情景交际能力 10 10 命题作文 写作能力 总 计 100 100 120 考试方式与时间

考试为闭卷考试。考试满分为100分。考试由全国高校网络教育考试委员会组织命题，在同一时间全国统考。

考试分为五个部分，第一部分为听力，20分；第二部分为交际用语，10分；第三部分为阅读理解，30分；第四部分为词汇与结构，25分；第五部分为写作，15分。考试时间共120分钟，其中听力部分占20分钟，交际用语部分占10分钟，阅读理解部分占30分钟，词汇与结构部分占30分钟，写作部分占30分钟。

题型示例与解答

“大学英语（B）”题型样例

Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points) Section A

Directions: In this section you will hear ten short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken twice. After each conversation, there will be a pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide on the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

1. A. At the bank. B. At the stationer’s. C. In a theater. D. In a department store. 2. A. She is easy-going.

B. She is hard on her students.

C. She looks mean, but deep down she is kind. D. She is an ill-tempered person.

3. A. He is nervous about giving lectures.

B. He lectures to a group of humorous people. C. He gives amusing lectures.

D. He is not serious with his lectures. . ..

（共10题） Section B

Directions: In this section you will hear a conversation. The conversation will be spoken twice. There are five questions about the conversation. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

11. How many new stadiums will be built in Beijing? A. 70. B. 17. C. 7. D. 71. 12. When will they start to build the first one? A. This year. B. Next month. C. This month. D. Next year. 13. What are they doing about the subway system?

A. They are extending the subway system into the suburbs. B. They are rebuilding the subway system. C. They are changing the subway system. D. They are using buses instead.

14. Where are they getting the money from?

A. From the local government. B. From foreign visitors.

C. Mostly from foreign investors. D. From the local people.

15. How much money will be needed for the work?

A. $1.65 billion. B. $1.65 million. C. $ 65 million. D. $ 6 billion.

Section C

Directions: In this section you will hear a passage. The passage will be read twice. There are five questions about the passage. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

16. What happened to Fred one day?

A. He lost his fighting spirit.

B. He didn’t have the spirit to triumph over a crisis. C. He lost his spirits when talking to his boss. D. He was in a bad mood.

17. What did Fred decide to do when he was to meet his boss?

A. To put on his best clothes. B. To play an unsuccessful part. C. To put on a happy appearance. D. To put on an air of innocence.

18. What principle of psychological research did Fred happen to find?

A. Avoid people when you feel depressed.

B. Acting a part can help change the way you feel. C. Be self-assured when nothing goes wrong. D. Smiling helps reduce anxiety or fear.

19. In the passage we hear “Look your best to increase your self-confidence”, what does the phrase “look your best” mean?

A. Put on your best clothes. B. Be in the highest spirits. C. Be watchful and careful. D. Try your best to be calm.

20. How can you put the principle of psychological research to work in your own life?

A. You should smile to cheer yourself up. B. You should relax to reduce anxiety or fear.

C. You should keep cool and increase your self-confidence in a crisis. D. All of the above.

Part II Use of English (10 points)

Directions: In this part there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

21. — Hello, may I talk to the headmaster now?

— ______________.

A. Sorry, he is busy at the moment B. No, you can’t C. Sorry, you can’t D. I don’t know

22. — Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?

— ______________. A. Yes, you may borrow B. Yes, go on C. Yes, help yourself D . It doesn’t matter . . . 30.

（共10题）

Part III Reading Comprehension (30 points)

Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage 1

Is teaching important? Well, of course it is. There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members. But as societies became more complex and division of labor more common, it was impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of the society. As the need for specialists appeared, the job of teaching came into being in our country, and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past one hundred years. Today, we have strict rules for teachers. We hope all children can go to school. Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an “important” job.

In recent years, there has been an increasing need for teachers to be “responsible”. This means that the public expects teachers to succeed in teaching important information to the young. Teachers’ salaries today, while not much, certainly are much higher than they were in the past. These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries, people who have abilities will not become teachers. Today almost no one says that “anybody will do” for a teacher. The public expects “quality people” to teach the young, and progress is being made to give salaries that will make people who have abilities become teachers.

31. Before the job of teaching came into being ________.

A. family members had been responsible for the education of the young B. specialists had been in charge of teaching young people C. young people had to be self-educated

D. the society had played an important role in educating young people 32. The job of teaching came into being mainly because of ________.

A. the development of the society B. the explosion of information C. the need for engineers

D. the civilization of human beings

33. Teachers’ salaries are raised today in order to ________.

A. show the importance of teaching as a job

B. attract more qualified people to become teachers C. make teachers “responsible” in their teaching D. improve the quality of public teaching

34. “Anybody will do” for a teacher (in paragraph 2) means that ________.

A. almost all people want to become teachers

B. a teacher is so highly respected that people all want to help him C. a teacher will do whatever he can for his students D. the job of teaching is so easy that everybody can do it 35. The main idea of the passage is that ________. A. greater progress has to be made in teaching

B. enough salaries are necessary in making “quality people” become teachers C. it is important to be successful in teaching the young

D. teaching is a product of the society's division of labor

.Passage 2

36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

Passage 3

41. 42. 43. 44.

45. （共15题）

Part IV Vocabulary and Structure (25 points) Section A

Directions: In this section there are 15 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

46. She gave John a present, but John gave her nothing ______. A. in return B. in turn C. in advance D. in vain

47. The reason why I did not go to the theater last night was that I could not _______ the time. A. offer B. leave C. afford D. manage

48. After a three-hour heated discussion, all the members in the jury reached the conclusion that the man was _______ of murder. A. criminal B. charged C. faulty D. guilty

49. Last year ____ of new books were published on environmental protection. A. the hundred B. hundreds C. a hundred D. one hundred 50. The grass______ many animals live is abundant here. A. by which B. with which C. on which D. of which . . . 60.

（共15题）

Section B

Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE answer that best completes the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Television broadcasts are limited to an area that is within the ___61__ of the sending station or its relay. ___62__ television relays are often placed on hills and mountains so that they can ___63___ a wider region, they still can not cover as much as people expect.

However, the rays also go out into the atmosphere. __64___ there is a relay station on a satellite that revolves around the earth, it can send the pictures to any point on the earth from which the satellite can be __65___. Three satellites periodically turning around over the equator will send __66___ television program to any part of the earth. This makes it possible for world ___67__ of newspapers to give the news in all countries at the same time. Someday it may be possible for a subscriber to a televised newspaper to press a button and see a newspaper page __68___ his television screen. He could also decide when he wants the page __69___. Moreover, by dialing different numbers such as __70___ on a telephone dial, he could choose the language or the edition of the paper he wants to read.

61. A. range B. view C. miles D. distance 62. A. Even B. Although C. Unless D. Whenever 63. A. cover B. spread C. help D. pass 64. A. Then B. Therefore C. So D. If 65. A. watched B. seen C. spotted D. protected 66. A. one B. all C. some D. any 67. A. population B. editions C. articles D. reports 68. A. at B. in C. on D. by 69. A. turn B. to turn C. turning D. to be turned 70. A. what B. these C. those D. ones

Part V Writing (15 points)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to contact one of your former classmates. You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below:

1. 了解对方毕业后的情况 2. 你的近况

3. 邀请对方方便时来访

听力原文及参考答案

Part I Listening Comprehension Section A

1. W: I’d like to cash a check.

M: Sure. Don’t you have an account here?

Question: Where does this conversation most probable take place?

2. W: I’m always nervous when I’m around the teacher. M: Me, too. I believe she is strict with us.

Question: How do the students think of their teacher?

3. W: Professor Philips seems serious.

M: But his lectures are quite humorous, aren't they?

Question: What does the man think about Professor Philips? 1. A 2. B 3. C

Section B

A: So, they are holding the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.

B: Yes, I read about it yesterday. I read that they are building 17 new stadiums—they are starting the first one next year and they are extending the subway system into the suburbs. The dates for the work are already fixed. A: Interesting! What else did you read?

B: They are going to build new motorways, but they haven’t announced when yet. They are going to change Beijing a lot from when we were there.

A: Where are they getting the money from?

B: Foreign investors, mainly. They are opening the bidding for most of the contracts next month. A: How much will they need?

B: I read yesterday it will cost $1.65 billion. A: But I suppose it will create a lot of new jobs.

11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. A

Section C

Fred was in low spirits one day. He usually dealt with this state of mind by avoiding people until the mood passed. But on this day Fred had an important meeting with his boss, so he decided to put on a happy look. During the meeting Fred smiled, joked and played the part of a happy, good-natured person. To his surprise, he soon discovered he was no longer depressed.

Without realizing it, Fred happened to find an important new principle of psychological research: Acting a part can help us feel more self-confident and cheerful when things go wrong.

How can you put this principle to work in your own life? There’s more involved than a few simple expressions. You have to be systematic about it. The following is what you should follow.

Smile to cheer yourself up. Relax to reduce anxiety or fear.

Look your best to increase your self-confidence. Keep cool in a crisis.

Using our bodies and actions to change our ways of feeling can be a useful tool in helping us through life's difficult times. 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. D

Part II Use of English 21. A 22. C

Part III Reading Comprehension 31. A 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. C

Part IV Vocabulary and Structure

Section A 46. A 47. C 48. D 49. B 50. C

Section B 61. A 62. B 63. A 64. D 65. B 66. D 67. D 68. C 69. D 70. C

Part V Writing （略） 作文评分标准

《大学英语》B的作文考试评卷原则是在整体评阅的基础上给出印象分，此印象分以奖励给分，不是按错扣分。 评分按档次进行，即1~3分， 4~6分，7~9分，10~12分，13~15分五个档次。各个档次的具体描述如下： 13~15分：扣题，语言流畅，用词丰富，篇章结构感强，语法正确，只有个别小错。

10~12分：扣题， 语言通顺，用词较丰富，段与段之间有较好的过度，语法基本正确，有些语病。 7~9分：基本扣题，语言基本正确，用词有一定变化，文中错误较多，有个别为严重错误。

4~6分：语言基本功差，文章中中国式英语表达居多，用词贫乏，语法错误相当多，有多处严重错误。 1~3分：语言支离破碎，绝大部分句子无法理解，严重错误很多。

Answer Sheet

Part I Listening Comprehension: (20 points, one point each)

1. A B C D 2. A B C D 3. A B C D 4. A B C D 5. A B C D 6. A B C D 7. A B C D 8. A B C D 9. A B C D 10. A B C D 11. A B C D 12. A B C D 13. A B C D 14. A B C D 15. A B C D 16. A B C D 17. A B C D 18. A B C D 19. A B C D 20. A B C D

Part II Use of English: (10 points, one point each)

21. A B C D 22. A B C D 23. A B C D 24. A B C D 25. A B C D 26. A B C D 27. A B C D 28. A B C D 29. A B C D 30. A B C D

Part III Reading Comprehension: (30 points, two points each)

31. A B C D 32. A B C D 33. A B C D 34. A B C D 35. A B C D 36. A B C D 37. A B C D 38. A B C D 39. A B C D 40. A B C D 41. A B C D 42. A B C D 43. A B C D 44. A B C D 45. A B C D

Part IV Vocabulary and Structure (25 points, one point each)

46. A B C D 47. A B C D 48. A B C D 49. A B C D 50. A B C D 51. A B C D 52. A B C D 53. A B C D 54. A B C D 55. A B C D 56. A B C D 57. A B C D 58. A B C D 59. A B C D 60. A B C D 61. A B C D 62. A B C D 63. A B C D 64. A B C D 65. A B C D 66. A B C D 67. A B C D 68. A B C D 69. A B C D 70. A B C D

Part V Writing （15 points）

二、各部分解题技巧

（一）听力理解

1、测试要点

听力测试的主要形式有：对话理解，短文理解。对话理解是考查学生在一定语境或情景中所表现出的快速反应、推理判断能力；短文理解则是在此基础上考查学生对一个结构比较完整，意义相对连贯的语段的理解能力，是一种高层次、有难度的听力测试形式。英语听力考试的测试点包括： （1）理解对话的主旨大意 例如：What’s the man doing？

A. He’s working in a hotel.

B. He’s visiting a young people. C. He’s traveling around. 此听力的原文为：

W: So，how long have you been here？

M: Just a couple of days, actually, I am on a big journey. You know, I’m visiting all the places of interest here.

本题是一位男子谈论到此地的各个名胜观光的情况，其中的a big journey、visiting和places of interest here是这位男子谈话的关键，因此，考生若对此进行归纳判断就会马上明白此谈话的主旨大意，选出答案C。 （2）获取对话中具体信息

为了说明和解释主旨，对话或独白中需要一些具体信息，如时间、地点、人物、年代、价钱等，这些信息对理解对话，把握对话主旨是不可缺少的内容，且在试题中占相当大的比例。这类题要求学生在听清，听懂信息的同时，还要对所听到的信息做简单的处理。有的也需要考生进行简单的计算。 （3）推断对话发生的背景、地点及对话者之间的关系

对对话背景、地点、对话者之间关系的理解程度，体现了一个人对口语的理解能力。 （4）理解领会对话的观点、态度及意图

这类考题要求考生不但能理解录音原文的主旨大意，而且还要通过文中的重要细节、具体事实，揣摩、推断说话者的意图、观点和态度等，这类题能测试出考生在听力方面的综合素质。 2、培养良好的听力习惯，掌握正确的答题技巧

多听是提高听力的前提，但如何去听，如何获得准确的信息，则就不是多听听能解决的问题了。多听是增强语感，提高听力之本，若再加上正确的听力方法，掌握必要的技巧及对策，则可获得事半功倍的效果。

（1）利用听录音前的时间，迅速地捕捉每个小题题干选项所提供的信息，预测短文或对话可能涉及到的内容，这样听录音材料时就有的放矢，有所侧重，能提高答题的准确率。

（2）克服犹豫不决的毛病，对自己有把握的试题应快速作答，对无把握的试题也要在所听信息的基础上排除错误选项，进行优化处理。不会作答的，立即暂时搁置，准备听新的题目。

（3）目前听力测试中短文理解大部分是记叙文或讲话稿，所以听录音时重在听懂每句话的意思和内涵，注意捕捉文中所涉及的人物(who)、事件(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(why)、方式(how)、程度(how long，how soon，how much)、数字(how many／how much)、选择(which…)等，以便检查答案。

（4）注意听短文的首句和首段，文章的首句和首段，往往是对短文内容的概括，如讲话目的、主要内容、作者、论点、故事发生的时间、地点及事由等。

（5）不管听什么材料，注意力一定要集中在整体内容的理解上，千万不能只停留在个别单词或单句上，听不清时马上放弃，不要强迫自己听清每一个词，要把重点放在听关键词即实词上，一边听一边把要点及回答问题的关键词记下来。

（二）交际用语

1、测试目标

交际用语练习采用补全对话形式练习，是使用书面形式考查学生运用口语进行交际能力的测试方法。此题设置的目的在于考查学生所具有的在一定语言环境中把语言知识转化为语言技能，并使这种技能发展为语言的交际能力和语言的衔接能力。该题型能最大程度地增强学生的语感，既能提高学生用口语进行交际的能力，也是提高学生阅读理解能力的一个好题型。 2、题型特点

交际用语题为自由应答题。本题向考生提供一段不完整的对话，对话中只有一个人的讲话而缺少另一个人的讲话的全部或一部分。这些句子与上下文有密切联系，可以从上下文中推测出来。要求学生在通读对话全文，充分理解谈话内容的基础

上，根据试题说明中交代的背景和情节，把缺少的部分补写出来，使对话意思通顺，前后连贯，同时符合英美人口头交际习惯。

3、考查重点

（1）考查考生对整段话的理解。

（2）考查学生对整段对话上下文之间逻辑关系的理解。 （3）考查学生的英语交际能力。 4、考查对策

（1）考生要掌握对话的主旨、大意和中心思想。 （2）考生理解对话上下文之间的逻辑关系。

（3）要注意对话所处的情景：在什么时候，对什么人讲话，谈什么内容。

（4） 既要理解对话中的表面意思，也要理解其深层含义，包括谈话双方的态度、意图等。 （5）根据对话中提供的信息，结合生活中和学习中的常识进行推理和判断。

（6）考生除应掌握必要的词汇、语法知识外，还要熟悉英语中有关日常生活的某些表达方式，如：问候、告别、介绍、感谢、道歉、邀请、提议、命令、请求、愿意与否等。 5、解题方法

（1）略读全文，把握大意。

考生在做题时，首先应略读全文，了解双方在谈论什么。双方总是围绕某个话题，各抒己见，或赞同或反对，有问有答，一来一往。考生在弄清谈话的主要内容后，在头脑中形成整个对话的语篇框架，为下一步推理奠定基础。切忌不通读全文边看边做，这势必脱离语境，造成理解偏差，导致答题不当。 （2）综合考虑，补写答案。

对话过程是思想交流的过程，在解答 交际用语题时，至关重要的是要把握对话双方在谈话时的思想发展过程及其表现形式。掌握对话的开始与结尾很重要，而对话中间则是思想交流的高潮发展过程。在对答过程中要掌握深层次语意的连贯，就是要注意上下句的有机结合，根据短文空缺处的行文需要，联系相关的交际要点，特别要注意说英语国家的文化习俗，表达方式，不同场合使用的日常用语，从语言意义、语感、语境、行文逻辑、承上启下各方面综合考虑，将自己认为最合适的句子填写在空白处，使整个对话语意通畅，合乎情理。 （3）重读对话，调整答案。

做完题目后，将对话和答案认真通读一遍，根据句意、逻辑关系、习惯表达、语境，检查所填答案是否准确表达了对话者的思想情感，主题思想是否明确，对话发展过程是否合乎情理，全文是否完成了对话者的表达意图。发现错误，立即纠正。 6、注意事项及范例

（1）要以交际为目的，根据不同的情景或场合来发言，而不仅仅是根据语法规则来发言。

（2）必须设身处地，把自己作为参加对话的人，找出对话的主题，注意对话双方的身份、地位、意图、交际活动的时间、地点和场合。

（3）从对话的上下文中猜出题中所缺的词句。 范例：

— Moria: Oh, Jean, are you going to the post office? — Jean: Yes, I am.

— Moria: Would you mind mailing these letters for me? — Jean: ________ — Moria: Thanks a lot. A. Not at all. B. You’re welcome. C. It doesn’t matter. D. Yes, I’d like to.

（三）阅读理解

1、解题指导

阅读理解题是一种综合性的技能测试，它不仅要求考生具有较强的理解能力，还要求考生要有一定的阅读速度。而通常影响阅读理解的主要有三大因素：词汇量、语法知识、背景知识。学生有时反映最大困难是词汇量太少，其直接后果是感觉时间太紧，答不完试卷。对于后两项也是弱项的考生来说就更困难了。考生要在这一项上取得高分，除了要在词汇量、语法知识、背景知识三个方面多下功夫外，还必须学会掌握一些最基本的阅读技能，了解这部分试题的基本设计思路及解题方法和技巧。阅读理解一般包括三篇短文，总阅读量不超过900个词。每篇短文后设5个问题，每题2分，共30分。所选短文内容包括人物传记、热门话题、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等。阅读理解题要求考生读后能掌握文章的主旨大意，了解说明主旨大意的事实和细节，并根据所读内容进行一定的判断和推论。 2、阅读技巧

根据不同的阅读目的，可以采用不同的阅读方法，或称阅读技巧。一般来说，阅读方法有略读、寻读和细读三种。 （1）略读（Skimming）

“略读”又称“浏览”，是指跳过细节，跳过不重要的描述与例子，进行快速阅读以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想的方法。阅读时速度要快，一般来说，250字左右的短文应在二、三分钟之内看完。略读时精力必须十分集中，不要去记忆细节，遇到个别生词或难懂的词句均可略过，以求对全文总体意思的了解。为了更好地抓住全文的中心思想，略读时要特别注意文章的起始段和结束段以及文章中每一段的首句和结尾句，因为它们往往是对文章内容最好的概括。

（2）寻读（Scanning）

寻读是快速寻找某一特殊信息的阅读方法。它的目的非常明确，即找到所需要的信息。日常生活中我们对这一方法并不陌生。例如从人群中找出你认识的朋友，从货架上找出你想购买的商品，在书架上寻找一本你要找的书，从一本指南中找出某个单位的地址等，都是利用这种方法。在寻读时，目光要自上而下，一目数行地寻视与答题相关的词句，与此无关的内容要很快掠过。当回答who，when，where等有关文章细节时，我们用这种方法很快就能找到答案。

（3）细读（Reading for full understanding）

细读是在找到文章中的有关部分以后，在此范围内逐句阅读，特别要对关键词、句仔细琢磨，以便对其有比较深刻、准确的理解。不仅要理解其字面意思，还要通过推理和判断，弄清文章中字里行间所隐含的意思。在细读的过程中，对没有学过的生词，可根据上下文的背景知识来推测其词义；对难以看懂的长句，可借助语法手段，对其加以分析，以达到正确理解的目的。

总之，在阅读一篇文章的过程中，我们应根据不同的要求，采用不同的阅读方法，对有些阅读理解问题知其大意即可，另一些需要寻读，而少数则需要细心推敲。在考试中我们应当充分利用以上三种阅读方法，即用“略读”法浏览全文，以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想。在此基础上根据问题的要求，采用寻读或细读的方法来解答问题。 3、主要测试题型及答题技巧 （1）主题思想题

在考试中出现的频率较高，因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。这类题在设题时常会用到title，subject，main idea，topic，theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种：

What is the main idea of the passage?

Which of the following would be the best title? What’s the best title for the passage?

The main idea of the passage is that ________. This passage tells us ________.

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? What does the passage mainly discuss?

做这类题时常用略读法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去过分注意细节事实，否则会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的结果。通常的办法是，快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句。英文文章各段主题句常放在段首，有时也放在段尾或段落中间，有时不明确写出，通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来，一般就能得出文章主题。

就整篇文章来讲，首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要。例如：

How often one hears children wishing they were grown up, and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets. Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after and loved, whatever he may do. It is impossible that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In addition, life is always presenting new things to the child—things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well-known. But a child has his pains: he is not so free to do what he wishes to do; he is continually being told not to do things, or being punished for what he has done wrong.

When the young man starts to earn his own living, he can no longer expect others to pay for his food, his clothes, and his room, but has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If however, he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health, he can have the great happiness of building up for himself his own position in society.

文章后面第四个问题是：

The main idea of the passage is that ________.

A. life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains

B. young men can have the greatest happiness if they work hard C. childhood is the most enjoyable time in one’s life

D. one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age in his life

文章的第一段讲的是人们常听说孩子们盼着长大成人，老年人则希望返老还童。人生的每个阶段总是欢乐伴着苦恼，而最幸福的人则是那些既享受人生每一阶段所带来的欢乐，又没有因虚度年华而终生后悔的人。第二段讲述了一个人儿童时代的欢乐与苦恼，第三段则告诉读者青年人的责任与义务，机遇和挑战。从以上三段文字来看，第一段中第二句即是主题句，所以我们应选D为正确答案。

（2）主要事实和细节题

就是我们平时所说的由who，what，where，when，why，which，how引出的问题。这是极为常见的阅读理解题。这类题主要是针对论证支持主题的事实或例证设题，可能涉及数学计算、概念理解以及是非判断等。

这类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行细读，找出问题答案。 这类题提问的形式多种多样，常见的有以下几种：

Which of the following (statements) is Not mentioned in the passage? According to the passage，which of the following statements is true? According to the passage, all of the following are true except ________. How many…？ What…? Why…?

解这类题时，审题是关键，首先一定得看清问题。比如一句结论性的话后边到底是?is true, 还是is not true。另外，由于细节题比较容易，有时为了增加测试难度，命题人员在题干或选项中要增加一些文字或意义上的干扰。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案。

例如：

On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.

It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked, “I have failed again.” On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, “That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed.”

Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.

Today, every American school child learns Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.

文章的最后一题是：

Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address has deep meaning. B. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is simple in style.

C. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American schoolchild.

D. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United States. 答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到。“他的演讲含义深刻、风格简朴；如今美国所有的在校的学生都能背诵他的演讲”；文章中他谈到：“现在所有的人都认为他的演讲是美国历史上最好的演讲之一。”而不是美国最好的演讲。所以D是错误的。

（3）推理性试题

大多含有infer, imply, suggest, conclude,（most）probably等关键词。以下是一些常见的提问方式： It can be inferred from the passage that ________. The passage implies that ________. The passage suggests that ________. What is implied in the passage?

The paragraph following (proceeding) this passage probably will discuss (discusses) ________.

推理性试题不能从文章中直接找到答案。解这类题需要考生在正确理解原文语言字面意义的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法去理解文章字里行间的意义。对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析，摸清它们相互之间时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系，在此基础上进行综合推理，选定答案。

例如：

On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.

It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He

spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked, “I have failed again.” On the train back to Washington, he said sadly, “That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed.”

Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.

Today, every American school child learns Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history. 文章后面的第五题就是一个推理性试题。

It can be inferred from the text that ________.

A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to Gettysburg

B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn't have much time to prepare his speech C. Lincoln’s speech was full of rich words D. Lincoln’s speech was very long 文章的第二段有这样的话：“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech.”“据说林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火车上准备他的演讲的。那天深夜，在宾馆的房间里，他既孤独又疲倦，只是又简单准备了一下。”所以通过这些句子我们可以判断林肯非常的忙，没有更多的时间准备他的演讲，B是正确答案。A，C，D均不符合文章的内容。 （4）词汇题

是询问文章中出现的某个词、某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型。其中所询问的词、词组或句子，往往不为考生所熟悉，但又能在文中找到线索进行推测，所以这类考题是检查考生是否具备根据一个词、词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力。

解答这类试题时，考生应首先明白，任何词或词语都不是孤立的，它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。某个定义、解释、甚至标点符号、关联词都可以帮助考生推测一些词或词语的意义，除此之外，我们还必须注意所测试的词或词语与其前后一些词形成的同义、反义、并列或指代等关系。

这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种： The word “?” in line 5 refers to?

The word “?” (Line 6. para.2) most probably means ________. By “?”, the author means ________.

The word “? ”could best be replaced by which of the following? Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “?”? In para.2, the sentence “?” probably means “?” 例如：

The market investigation is indispensable to sales promotion. They are closely related as the lips and teeth, so to speak. What you produce is for sale on the market. It would be impossible to succeed in selling a product without first investigating the market.

In the international market, goods on sale coming from different countries and suppliers are always facing keen competition. Under such circumstances, they will try everything possible to familiarize themselves with the market conditions. In making investigations, we ought to get information about what similar items the competitors are offering on the market, what prices they are quoting (报价), what features their products have, who are their regular customers, etc. Then, how can we obtain such information? There are many channels that we can make use of in doing this sort of work. The commercial counselor's offices of our embassies stationed abroad can help us in making market investigations. Nowadays, our import and export corporations send their trade groups abroad every now and then. One of their purposes is to make market surveys on the spot.

Certainly, face-to-face talks with foreign businessmen are also important channels to get market information. The Chinese Export Commodities Fairs and some other fairs of similar nature as well as visits of foreign businessmen provide us with such opportunities. Of course , there are some other ways of making market investigations.

文章的第三题是词汇题。

The word \A. impossible B. essential C. advisable D. available

indispensable在文章的第一段的第一行。从它后面的句子：“市场调查和促销的关系就像牙齿和嘴唇的关系一样紧密。”接着又说：“生产是为了销售，如果没有事先的市场调查，销售就不可能成功。”又根据所给的四个选项，B：必不可少的，必需的。最合适。

考生应特别注意英语词缀的某些特点。如，一般来说前缀只增加或改变一个词的意义，但并不改变其词性。例如：supermarket（超市），foretell (预言)，dissatisfied（不满意的）uncomfortably（不舒服地）等。而后缀不但可以增加或改变一个词的意义，而且改变其词性。如washable变动词“洗”为形容词“可洗的”，normalize变形容词“正常的”为动词“使??

正常化”，beginner变动词“开始”为名词“初学者”，childless则由名词“小孩”变为形容词“无子女的”。只要知道词根的意义，又熟悉前缀和后缀表示的意义，就不难判断这些词的词义。 （5）作者态度题

作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。这种题型常见的提问形式有：

The author seems ________.

The author’s tone in this passage is ________.

The purpose of the author in writing this passage is ________. The author’s intention in writing the passage is to ________. The writer probably feels that ________. In the author’s opinion, ________.

这类考题中，询问语气态度的题，选择项里常出现以下一些重要的词：sympathetic 同情的；critical批评的；doubtful怀疑的；objective客观的；enthusiastic热情的；matter-of-fact实事求是的；hostile 敌对的；satisfied满意的；friendly友好的；indifferent冷淡的；subjective主观的；optimistic乐观的；pessimistic悲观的；disappointed失望的；neutral中立的。

询问写作目的的题，选择项里常出现的词是： explain解释； persuade劝说； comment评论； criticize批评； interest引起??的注意或兴趣； entertain使欢乐； argue辩论； demonstrate举例说明，示范； tell讲述； prove 证明； urge激动； advise劝告； analyze分析； praise赞扬； view看待, 等等。 例如：

One bright spot in the U.S. economy in 1979 was the surprising decline in gasoline use. Rising fuel costs are finally prodding Americans to cut back on consumption, and the need for this becomes more acute all the time.

有关作者态度或观点的问题是：

How does the author view the decline in gas consumption? A. He is indifferent.

B. He thinks it is a good sign. C. He doesn’t see the need for it. D. He is unhappy about it.

作者把“the decline in gas consumption”描述为“one bright spot in the U.S economy”，可见答案应该是B。 4、几种通过上下文推断词义的行之有效的方法

（1）标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索，因为有些词的定义是通过标点符号，如破折号，括号，冒号等来完成的。如： Sometimes we work on night shift — from 11:30 p.m. to 7:30 a.m.

从破折号后的说明，我们可以断定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。

（2）有些信号词如is called，means，that is，is，or，define as，refer to 等通常引出某一词汇的定义、解释或说明。如： One sort of crimes which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency，that is, crimes committed by young people. 从that is的解释来看,我们可以断定“juvenile delinquency”即“青少年犯罪”。

（3）举例可以帮助我们理解词义。对于有些重要的词汇，作者常在词后自带解释或例子。因此，根据例子可猜出词义。如：

You may select any of these periodicals：Time Magazine, Newsweek, Reader’s Digest or The New Yorker. 从后边列举的时代周刊、新闻周刊等流行期刊，我们可以断定“periodical”即“期刊杂志”。

（4） 靠形成反差、对照的词或词组猜出词义。常见的这些词或词组while，whereas，unlike，but，yet，although，however，in contrast，on the other hand，rather than 等。如：

Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.

文章的while作“而，却”解，由此我们可以断定“reticent”作“沉默寡言的”解。 （5）凭借常识和经验猜测词义。如：

The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.

只要你知道so that这个结构，凭借常识就应猜出“lintel”的意思是“过梁，上门梁”。

（6）根据构词法来猜测词义。熟悉英语词汇的构词法，特别是派生词的构成方法及词义，可以帮助我们在阅读过程中有效地猜测词义，提高阅读速度，准确答题。 5、其它问题

除了要掌握基本的阅读方法和前面讲到的应试技巧以外，要想在规定的时间内，既能准确又能快速地回答好所有问题，考生还应注意以下几点：

（1）考生应针对文章的不同题材和题型，选择不同的阅读方法。有时需要先浏览文章，后看题目；有时则不然。但通常情况下，应首先确定文章的主旨或主题，然后再审读问题。在绝大多数情况下我们的答题步骤应该是：a). 预先快速浏览题

干和每段首句，确定哪些是重点和相关因素，知道所设问题的类型，做到心中有数。b). 快速阅读文章，了解文章大意和重点，尽快扫描，读到与刚才所记住的与题干有关的内容，先用铅笔做些记号，快速在答案中选出一个临时答案，然后继续阅读。c). 用最快速度重读问题，找出心中已经有把握的答案位置。再阅读一遍该段有关材料，尽快答完有把握的问题。对那些尚未作答的题目，再用上述方法一口气重读一遍文章，这次应找出更微妙的线索，集中精力解决难题。

（2）一般来说，除了主旨及推论型题目以外，题目顺序与文章的情节发展是一致的，因此应按题目顺序解题。

（3）文章较难时，不必紧张，根据语言学科的测试规律，如果文章难则问题比较简单。只要能很好地应用阅读技巧，就不难找到正确答案。另外，文章偏长也不一定就难，因为在较长的篇幅中，其词汇，句子结构的复杂程度要相对容易些。 （4）在阅读过程中，可以在文章或问题旁空白处做些记号，也可以对一些与答题有关的词句划线。还可以标出一些关键词，尤其是文章的论点、论据及一些有关事实，以避免遗忘或回顾时浪费时间。

（5）回答问题时不能按照个人的主观臆断，回答问题的根据应该建立在阅读文章的基础上。

（四）词汇和语法

1、考试内容

本考试内容分为两个部分：词汇部分和语法部分。

词汇部分测试主要是要求考生在特定的语境中，通过对句子本身，或通过对句子上下文的理解，能够对不同词类的单词或词组、某些惯用法在特定语境中的作用及所要表达的意义做出正确的判断，同时考生还应该对词汇的搭配使用及其意义与应用有比较好的掌握。考生应认知3000个单词，并熟练掌握其中的1800个单词及其基本的搭配。

语法部分的测试主要侧重在对动词的时态、语态、语气，以及对非谓语动词（包括不定式、动名词、现在分词与过去分词）和情态动词用法的考查。其次，并列句及主从复合句的连接词及复合句的语序、代词、形容词和副词的比较级，倒装与强调结构等在每次考试中也都会包括在内。语法部分测试还会考查考生对介词、冠词、名词单、复数、数词等词的用法，以及主谓一致、反意疑问句、省略等方面的内容。考生应掌握基本的英语语法知识，并在听、说、读、写中较正确地加以运用。 2、答题技巧

（1）词汇试题的答题技巧

词汇试题的正确选择在很大程度上取决于考生词汇量的大小，以及运用词汇能力的强弱。但是了解一些解题技巧也会对考试有一定的帮助。下面简单介绍几种词汇测试题中常见的应试技巧。

a). 利用表示增加与递进关系的词

这样的词包括and，again，also，too，besides，moreover，furthermore，but，in addition to等。 例如：The house is very ________, and furthermore, it’s too far from the town. A. neat B. spacious C. expensive D. fashionable

（分析四个选项，我们可以看到选项中的所有单词都可以用来修饰句子的主语——房子。句子中间表示递进关系的furthermore在帮助我们判断时非常关键。它后面所跟的是描述房子离城太远，这是房子的缺点。根据逻辑推理，它前面的分句说明的也一定是缺点。因此选项中的A、B、D都不对，因为它们都是在说明房子的优点，故而答案只能是C，若题句中的and furthermore改成but，那么选项就要改变了）。

b). 利用表示比较与对比关系的词。

这样的词包括but，however，although，in contrast，instead of 等。

例如：A lamp is concrete and you can touch it, but its brightness is ________. A. academic B. abstract C. absurd D. absolute

（句子中表示对比关系的连接词是but，从这一信号词中我们可以推断句子前后两部分所阐述的内容正好是相对的，与concrete 相对的是 abstract, 因此B是本题答案。）

c). 利用表示因果关系的词。

这样的词包括because，as a result，thus，consequently，therefore等。

例如：He is a very ________ person because he has done a lot of good things for the local people. A. respectable B. respectful C. respective D. respecting

（本句后半部分是由because引导的原因状语从句，意思是“他为当地人做了许多好事”，从这一原因中，我们自然能推断出他应该受到别人对他的尊敬。表示“被人尊敬的，值得尊敬的”应当是A。）

d). 利用表示让步关系的词。

这类词包括if，although，in spite of，while，whereas 等。

例如：Although Asian countries are generally more ________ in social customs than Western countries, there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India.

A. consistent B. comprehensive C. confidential D. conservative

（本句although引导的是让步状语从句，因此可以推断主句中的事实与前面所出现的有关亚洲国家的特点正相反。与后半句中所阐述的“中国和印度都有一些著名的妇女领袖”这一事实相反的亚洲国家的特点应当是“在社会习俗方面比西方国家要保守”。因此选项中的D是正确答案。） e). 根据词法常识判断选择：

有些词汇测试题，从词的意义去考虑，填入多个选择项都可以。在这种情况下，如果借助语法对题目进行分析，往往可以找到正确答案。

例如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to ________ healthy. A. preserve B. stay C. maintain D. reserve

（从四个选项动词的词义来看，哪个都行。但动词后面直接跟形容词作表语的只有stay，其它三个动词都是及物动词，后面应当接宾语。因此答案是B。） f). 排除法：

在做词汇题时，常会遇到一时难以判断哪一个是正确答案的情况。这时不妨从不符合题义的选项着手，将非正确答案逐一排除，剩下的多半就是正确答案。此方法同样适用阅读理解，语法及完形填空部分的试题，在此不再一一举例。 （2）语法试题的答题技巧

一般地说，动词时态在考试中占有一定比例。因此掌握好时态的用法对考生来说十分重要。除掌握常用时态的一般用法以外，某些时态的特殊用法及某些特定句型中时态的用法要特别引起我们的注意。

时态

a). 注意寻找题中所包含的时间状语，从中判断出正确时态的使用。

例如：I suppose that when I come back in ten year’s time all these old houses ________ pulled down. A. would have been B. would be C. will be

D. will have been

（此句中，when引出的时间状语表示将来的时间，应用将来时态的动词形式。因此可以排除A和B项。那么是用一般将来时还是将来完成时呢？根据本句的意思，说话人想要表达的是十年后回来已经发生的情况，因此应当选择D。）

b). 当题句中没有明显的时间状语时，应注意句子中已出现的时态，以此作为参照物。 例如：Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university ________. A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted

（读完句子我们发现定语从句中使用的是过去完成时，显然这主句要表达的是从句动作之后的动作，应当用过去时态。因此答案是C。）

语态

英语中的语态有主动和被动之分。测试的重点是被动语态。下面是考生在复习被动语态时需特别注意的几个问题： a). 在主动语态中，感官动词如see，watch，observe，notice，listen to，hear，feel以及使役动词如make，have，let后如果接不定式作其宾语，应接不带to的不定式。

Sentence 1: We saw him cross the street.

Sentence 2: He was seen to cross the street.（此类句子主动变成被动时，应当恢复不定式符号to。） b). 动词短语的处理

动词短语应作为一个及物动词看待。主动变被动时，动词短语不管是两个词还是三个词都不能分家。例如： They have sent for the doctor. The doctor has been sent for.

需要说明的是，并不是所有的动词短语都能变成被动语态。

c). 带情态动词的被动语态

例如：Bad things sometimes can be turned into good ones. 情态动词

a). 情态动词后接完成时的用法

情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起组成谓语。只有ought后面接to do。

b). must +现在完成时结构

这一结构表示对过去一个动作比较有把握的猜测。

例如：I believe he ________ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had （答案为D。）

c). should (ought to) have done用来表示本来应该做却没有做的事情。

例如：I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I ________ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned

C. should have phoned D. should be phoned

（答案是C。中文意思是“我很抱歉我没能在他走之前和他联系上，我本应早点儿给他打电话的。”）

掌握情态动词的基本意义及用法是解题的关键。除此之外，还要根据上下文提供的信息做出正确的选择。同时还要考虑情态动词后面的动词所表示的动作是否是现在正在发生，或者过去已经发生，过去该发生而没有发生的动作，以便选准答案。

虚拟语气

虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想等。以下从五个方面介绍。 a). 虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的运用：

虚拟条件句从时间上又分为与现在事实相反，与过去事实相反，与将来事实可能相反三种情况。表示与现在事实相反的，if从句用过去式，主句用would（或could, should, might）加原形动词。与过去事实相反的，if从句用过去完成时，主句用would（或could, should, might）+have done结构。与将来事实可能相反的，if 从句用should （或were to ）加动词原形，主句用would加动词原形。

例如：Had the weather been good, the children ________ out for a walk. A. had gone

B. could have gone C. would go D. went

（答案：B。与过去的事实相反。当if从句中含有were，had，should这三个词时，if可以省略，主谓倒装。） b). 某些动词后的宾语从句以及某些名词后的表语或同位语从句中虚拟语气的运用，这些动词或名词包括：

suggest (suggestion)，propose (proposal)，advise (advice)，demand，insist，order，request， require，recommend，desire，ask，decide等。在这些从句中，谓语形式为should加动词原形，should可以省略。

例如：The general’s command was that the soldiers ________ their fort and carry out more important task. A. would leave B. leave C. left

D. have left （答案：B）

c). 在It is desired (或desirable)，It is important等结构后面的主语从句中，动词用原形或should+原形动词。这些结构有It is suggested，It is requested，It was ordered，It is necessary，It is essential，It is vital，It is urgent，It is impossible，It is preferable，It is advisable，It was proposed等。

例如：It’s desired that she ________ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will com C. come

D. may come （答案：C）

d). would rather, as if/though 以及wish后边that从句中虚拟语气的运用。

例1：I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you ________ next month for a dinner. A. come

B. would come C. came D. have come

（答案：C。would rather 后面的从句中，动词用过去式。） 例2：He talks as if he ________ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew

C. had known

D. would have know

（正确答案为B。在as if/though后边的方式状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑，动词用过去式；如果表示的是想象中的过去的动作，用过去完成时。本句表示对现在的情况有所怀疑。）

例3：You look as if you had seen a ghost.

（此句中as if 后边是说话人想象中的动作，所以用过去完成时。） 例4：I wish I knew his address.

（在wish后边的从句中，如果指现在或将来的愿望，动词用过去式。这句话告诉我们说话人并不知道他的地址。） 例5：Peter wishes that he ________ law instead of literature when he was in college。 A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study

（答案为C。表示过去没有实现的愿望，动词用过去完成时。）（2000年32题） e). 在It is （high） time后边的that从句中，动词用过去式，表示该做某事了。 例如：Don’t you think it is time you ________ smoking? A. give up B. gave up

C. would give up D. should give up （答案为B。） 非谓语动词

动词非谓语形式包括不定式，动名词和分词，它们在句子中不能充当谓语，可以分别充当主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。虽然非谓语形式不能充当谓语，但它们仍然保留了动词的某些特征，比如说它们可以有自己的宾语，补足语或状语以及自己的逻辑主语，能成为句子的独立成分。

动词非谓语形式有一般、进行和完成三种形式以及相应的主动与被动形式。在解答有关动词非谓语形式的试题时，应特别注意以下几点：

a). 英语中有些动词后跟不定式作宾语，有些动词后面则接动名词作宾语，还有一些动词的后边既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词，有时意义不变，但有时却在意义上大不相同，所以必须牢记有关非谓语形式的基本知识。

例1：We shall appreciate ________ from you soon. A. being heard B. hearing C. to hear

D. having been heard

（答案：B。appreciate 这个词后面只能接动名词，且应该是其一般式。）

例2：The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being

D. having told

（短语动词confess to 中的to是介词，不是动词不定式符号，因此选项A和B可以排除。选项C是动名词的被动式，而动名词后边已经有了宾语a lie, 因此动名词不能是被动式，因此正确答案是D。用完成形式的动名词表示这个动作在主要动词之前已经发生。）

例3：We all feel sorry for ________ for so long after your arrival. A. keep you waiting

B. having kept you waiting

C. waiting for you D. keep you wait （答案：B。）

b). 非谓语动词作宾语补充语时，要弄清哪些动词后面可以跟不定式作宾补，哪些动词后面可以跟分词作宾补。 例1：Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house ________ so well. A. to be decorated B. to decorate C. be decorated D. decorating

（decorate是及物动词，因此可以排除B和D，C项缺了不定式的符号to，因此正确答案为A。）\\ 例2：There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself ________. A. hearing B. being heard C. to hear D. heard

（hear 在本句中 是及物动词，据此可以排除A和C，B项选择形式不对，因此D是正确答案。） 例3：The manager has his employees ________ a business report every week. A. to write B. written C. writing D. write

（答案：D。have 和 get 后面接宾补时，要用过去分词或无to 不定式。）

c). 非谓语动词作状语时，尤其是分词作状语时，要注意分词的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。 例如：Arriving at the bus stop, ________ waiting there. A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people were

C. he found a lot of people’s D. people were found

（根据上面所述，可以首先排除B和D，C项中的people’s结构不对，正确答案只能是A。） d). 掌握好非谓语动词形式时态和语态的正确使用。

如果非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主要谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时，用一般式，如果非谓语动词表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用完成式。非谓语动词的逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是接受者决定了应当用主动式还是被动式。

例如：The famous novel is said ________ into Chinese. A. to have translated B. to be translate

C. to have been translated D. to translate （答案：C。） 各种从句

从句主要有四种，分别是定语从句、状语从句（特别是让步状语从句），宾语从句和主语从句。下面分别给同学们提示一些需要注意的问题。 a). 定语从句

定语从句又分限制性和非限制性定语从句，每种通常各出现一次。考生要特别注意非限制定语从句的用法。从形式上看，限制性定语从句由who，whom，whose，which，what 等关系代词或when, why, where等关系副词引导，不用逗号把主句和从句分开。而非限制性定语从句中不会出现that，而且要用逗号把主句和从句分开。

例1：An old friend from abroad, ________ I was expecting to stay with，telephoned me from the airport . A. that B. whom C. who D .Which

（这是一个非限制性定语从句，正确答案是B，因为此处的whom 是stay with 的逻辑宾语。）

例2：The United States is composed of fifty states, two of ________ are separated from the others by land or water. A. them B. That

C. which D. those

（正确答案为C。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词前面可能会有介词，在介词前面还可能有其它限定词，这就更复杂一些，需特别注意。）

b). 状语从句

状语从句有很多种，但就北京市三级统考而言，前几年主要考的是时间状语从句，近几年考的是让步状语从句。让步状语从句主要由以下一些词或词组引导：though, although，even if，even though，whether…or…，no matter wh- (或how)，whatever (whoever, whichever等)。

例1：________，you must show your ticket to go into the cinema. A. No matter whomever you are B. Whomever you are C. Whoever you are

D. No matter who are you

（C是正确答案，whoever = no matter who）

例2：Young ________ he is, he knows what is a right thing to do. A. that B. as

C. although D. however

（正确答案是B。as 也可以引导让步状语从句，但通常把被强调的形容词或副词等放在句首。） c). 宾语从句

宾语从句比较简单，它在主从复合句中充当宾语成份，通常可以由that，if，whether 及what 引导。使用宾语从句时应注意的是，有时可以设it为形式宾语，真宾语是后边的从句。

例如：I always take it for granted that I am far more intelligent than he is. （句子的it指代的是后边that从句的内容。） d). 主语从句

主语从句在主从复合句中充当主语，可以引导主语从句的词有what，that 以及who， why，where，when 等连接代词或连接副词。为避免头重脚轻，特别是在口语中，通常设it 为形式主语，与下边这些结构连用：

It is a pity that It is an honor that It is a shame that It is a good thing that It is a fact that It is a surprise that 以及

It is strange that It is surprising that It is true that

It is fortunate that It is necessary that

It is possible(impossible) that

例1：It is desirable that he ________. A. give up trying B. give up trying

C. would give up trying D. is going to give up trying

（答案：B。本句也是一种虚拟语气句。）

例2：________ I saw was two men crossing the street. A. What B. Whom C. Who D. That （答案：A。）

在复习语法的过程中，除了以上讲到的这些内容，考生还应留意倒装句结构及附加疑问句的句子结构。

42.

43.

44. 45.

上使用便携式电子设备所发出的电磁波可能是造成空难的一个原因。第一段最后一句说：“尽管这种干扰的来源尚未得到证实，但越来越多的专家们将其归咎于无线电装置。”答案C说“a possible cause of aircraft crashes（一种可能引起飞机失事的原因）”与文章主旨相符。其余三项答案为：A“各航空公司都要执行的一项新规定”，B“电器设备的缺陷”，D“关于航空的安全措施”。 答案D。细节题。题干问：“对于在过去15年中所发生的飞机事故，文中有什么样的说法（或推论）？”， 该题是针对文章第二句和第三句的设问。考生可根据题干中的关键词语 “100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years”，利用“寻读”（scanning）技巧，很快找到考点之所在，即文章的第二句和第三句话。仔细审读可知：“在过去的15年中，飞行员们已报告了100多次可能是由于电磁干扰造成的飞行事故。尽管这种（电磁）干扰的来源未得到证实，但专家们越来越多地将其归咎于便携式电子装置，诸如手提电脑、收音机、盒式录音机，以及移动电话。”答案D说：“它们（指过去15年中的飞行事故）被怀疑是由电磁干扰引起的”，此说正与文中的句意相符。

答案B。综合推断题。此题乍一看是个局部推理题，似乎应该从“given that many passengers want to work during flights”中寻找答案，但出题者却针对文中的其它细节设问。问题的答案见第三段：“The difficulty is predicting how … But, because … dangerous or not”。选项B说“电磁干扰的有害效果尚待证实”，与文意相符。

答案C。细节判断题。这一题考核文章第三段的内容。试题问：为什么预知电磁场对飞机上的计算机系统产生可能的影响是困难的。第三段最后一句回答了这个问题。

答案A。综合推理题，考问作者的态度、观点。作者在第一段（主题段）明确指出，飞机现在面临的最大危险不是带枪的恐怖分子，而是携带手提电脑的乘客。接着引用了过去15年飞机失事的数据来说明这种危险的可能性，并指出，尽管电磁干扰的来源和危害有待证实，但越来越多的专家认为事故的原因是乘客所携带的便携式电子设备。在最后一段作者又指出了恐怖分子利用无线电装置破坏飞机导航设备的可能性。由此可以看出，作者赞同全面禁止乘客在飞机上使用电子设备（A）。

Part IV Vocabulary and Structure Section A

46. 答案B。这个句子的意思是“在过去三年中，北京发生了巨大变化。”在过去三年中包括现在，因此，用现在完成时，表

示动作从三年前持续直到现在。此句的主语是 “changes”，故应选用have；take place这一词组不能用被动语态，因此，答案只能选B。 47. 答案D。由于用了时间状语，因此，这是一个对过去的猜测的句子；只有答案C和D表示猜测，而答案C的结构是错的，

故选D。

48. 答案A。这是一个表示过去的虚拟句，因此，从句用过去完成时，主句用would have done。

49. 答案C。在这个句子中，the matter是主语，因此空格中要求填的应是动词see的过去分词，表示被动，而不是表示主动

的答案A和D；关于答案B除了时态用错了以外，其动词的形式也错了；故应选C。

50. 答案C。seven-gallon两个词用连字号连起来，构成一个复合形容词；在这个复合形容词中的量词要用单数；故选C。 51. 答案B。这里要考考生对be familiar to sb的用法；固定搭配be familiar to sb的意思：“对某人来说是熟悉的”；故选B。 52. 答案C。宾语从句后面带疑问代词或疑问副词的结构应是：疑问代词或疑问副词+谓语动词+宾语，或疑问代词或疑问副

词+不定式短语。因此，答案应选C。 53. 答案D。关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可以指人，也可以指物。此处whose指名词room。whose

没有单数和复数的变化。

54. 答案A。句意：山顶上有两座房子。这是状语放在句首的倒装句，主语是two houses，故谓语用复数。常用短语：

stand by袖手旁观；作好准备；在场；站在?旁边 stand for代表；起立致敬；象征 stand out突出；出列；退出

stand still站着不动；停止（滞，留） stand up起立；竖立；耐用 stand up for拥护；支持

stand up to勇敢地面对；经得起；比得上 55. 答案A。句意：房子前面的墙上有很多洞。in the wall在墙上（不指在墙的表面），如：There are two windows in the left-side

wall.（左边的墙上有两扇窗户。）；on the wall在墙上，如：There are several pictures on the wall.（在墙上有几幅画。）。 56. 答案A。句意：现在轮到你来看守了。keep watch （for）：监视，守望；watch TV： 看电视；watch a football game：观

看足球赛；常用短语： keep watch放哨；看守 watch out for监视；提防

watch over 看守；监视；照管

57. 答案B。 “It appears to sb. that…” 指“在某人看来?”，符合句意和句法；look指“看来像”，但不能用于此句型；emerge

指“出现”时与appear同义，但本句不是此意；come指“来”，不能用于本句型。

58. 答案A。war指国家间的战争；battle指war中各个战役，与题意符合；fight指具体的争斗，可能有兵器，也可以没有，

可以指人与人之间的战争，也可以指动物之间的战争；struggle指长期的、较激烈的争斗，往往指肉体上和精神上的战斗。

59. 答案D。besides：“除?之外，还有?”，具有肯定意义；but和except：“除?之外，没有?”，具有否定意义。在否定句

中，besides, but和except同义。except比but意思更明确，语气更强。beyond常用于否定句和疑问句中，与except同义。 60. 答案B。句意：我可以把他推荐给你做这份工作，他是一个很不错的工人。suggest（提）建议；advise劝告；prompt推

动，促使；recommend把…推荐给…。 Section B

61. 答案A。two-storeyed 是个由数词+名词+ed构成的复合形容词，做定语，修饰名词。类似的还有a one-eyed man一个独

眼人，a three-legged table一张三条腿的桌子。B、C、D三项中的构词形式都是错误的。

62. 答案B。towards 介词短语作状语时应与动词连用, 表示动作的方向。 opposite是静态介词, “在窗户的对面”这一意义与

上下文并不矛盾, 可以成立。

63. 答案C。为了不给孩子们带来危险，“父亲”说话时应是不露声色，保持平静，不应该高声(loud)大喊或带者伤感的(sad)

语气。pleasant voice是“悦耳的声音”，不合情景。

64. 答案C。进自己的房间，关上房门，体现出对“父亲”的服从。promise是表示“答应”或“许诺”，是将来而不是此时

会干某事；tremble是惊恐的体现，与上文不符；reply表示回答一疑问。

65. 答案A。B、C、D三项均表示人的声音，而A项可泛指各种声音, 如下文门被撞破的声音。

66. 答案为D。从上文a climb of feet“往上爬的脚步声”可判断出此题应选介词up。A、B、C三项不仅与上文矛盾，而且也

违背情理。

67. 答案B。根据文章第一句中South Africa这一故事发生的地点，不难确定此答案。

68. 答案D。中了第二枪的大猩猩肯定被击毙了，但这决不是谋杀(murder)，更不是吓唬(frighten)。hit可表示“击中”，但没

有表明结果怎样，而故事情节发展至此应有个结果。

69. 答案C。这题应考虑动作与时间的关系。把本句理解为“以为能在大猩猩到达前把门锁上”是最恰当的。 70. 答案D。A、B、C三项选择都表示人的感受，不能用这一场景。

Part V. Writing

Make our City Green

In many cities, with the rapid development of industries and business, the number of trees has dramatically reduced. Efforts are being made to prevent from cutting down more trees. However, many people still have never thought of the importance of green plants.

Making cities greener has many advantages. First, it can make air cleaner. Some researchers have proved that trees can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through absorption. Second, it can make our cities more beautiful. Finally, it can produce timber—an effective way to solve the problems of limited supply of natural resources.

Making our cities greener requires nationwide efforts. No one has the right to cut down a tree casually, and everyone should take an active part in tree-planting campaigns. We should do everything to add to the greening of our cities.

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