PID控制器及智能控制英文文献(5)

that change to be reflected in the input (PV) . For example, let’

s take heating of the oven.

Fig. 16.3 The simulation chart

If we start turning up the gas flow, it will take time for the heat to be produced, the heat to flow around the oven, and for the temperature sensor to detect the increased heat. Derivative control sort of “holds back” the PID controller because some increase in temperature will occur without needing to increase the output further. Setting the derivative constant correctly allows you to become more aggressive with the P & I constants.

Intelligence and intelligent systems can be characterized in a number of ways and along a number of dimensions. There are certain attributes of intelligent systems, common in many definitions, which are of particular interest to the control community.

In the following, several alternative definitions and certain essential characteristics of ntelligent systems are first discussed. A brief working definition of intelligent systems that aptures their common characteristics is then presented. In more detail, we start with a rather eneral definition of intelligent systems, we discuss levels of intelligence, and we explain the role f control in intelligent systems and outline several alternative definitions. [1] We then discuss daptation and learning, autonomy and the necessity for efficient computational structures in ntelligent systems, to deal with complexity. We conclude with a brief working characterization f intelligent (control) systems.

We start with a general characterization of intelligent systems:

An intelligent system has the ability to act appropriately in an uncertain environment, where n appropriate action is that which increases the probability of success, and success is the chievement of behavioral subgoals that support the system’s ultimate goal. [2]

In order for a man-made intelligent system to act appropriately, it may emulate functions of iving creatures and ultimately human mental faculties. An intelligent system can be haracterized along a number of dimensions. There are degrees or levels of intelligence that can e measured along the various dimensions of intelligence. At a minimum, intelligence requires he ability to sense the environment, to make decisions and to control action. Higher levels of ntelligence may include the ability to recognize objects and events, to represent knowledge in a orld model, and to reason about and plan for the future. In advanced forms, intelligence rovides the capacity to

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