语义学资料(2)

语义学

5.Reflected meaning. 反射意义What is communicated through association with another sense

of the same expression. 通过同一表达式的其他意思所传达的意义。Meaning arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.

当一个词有多重意义，其中的某一意义会使人联想到另外一种意义，而这一意义往往可能是禁忌。如，When you hear …click the mouse twice?, you think of Gerry being hit twice by Tom.

The Comforter and The Holy Ghost (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, The third person of the Trinity.圣灵，基督教中圣父、圣子、圣灵三位一体的第三人称的提法)，受到日常的，非宗教意义的影响，comfort(安慰)和ghost(幽灵)。在使用时，前者会引起听话者对后者的联想，后者就是反映义。Many taboo terms are result of this. Cock

6.Collocative meaning. 搭配意义What is communicated through association with words

which tend to occur in environment of another word.通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义。

由于某些词常常与某些词搭配，所形成的联想就称为搭配意义，也是附加意义。如，pretty 与woman, flower, color搭配，如果man搭配，给人带有女性特点的附加意义womanish。

7.Thematic meaning.主题意义，主位意义What is communicated by the way in which the

message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.通过顺序和重音这种组织信息的方式所传达的意义。

说话者或作者通过对信息的组织方式，如词序、焦点和强调等所传达的意义。如，主动被动。

Mrs. Bessie Smith donated the first prize. What did Bessie do? what did she donate?

The first prize was donated by Mrs. Bessie Smith. What happened to the first prize.

who was the prize donated by

From the perspective of communicative function. Theme/ Rheme theory: a sentence can be segmented into two parts: the first part, termed theme(主位), is the starting point, which usually conveys the Given information, seen by the speaker to be known to the addressee. The rest, termed the Rheme（述位）, conveys the information which is New, unknown or assumed by the speaker to be unknown to the addressee. （Prague School）

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