语义学资料(4)

语义学

Lexical relations

1.form relations—homonymy

homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.

When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms.

E. g. Homophones: rain/reign, night/knight, piece/peace, lea漏洞; 裂隙k/leek韭葱

Homographs: tear v. / tear n., lead v./lead n.

Complete homonyms: fast adj. / fast v. 禁食（某种食物）;（尤指）斋戒.

Scale n标度; 刻度./scale v攀登, 爬（墙﹑悬崖等We can distinguish different types depending on their syntactic behavior, and spelling.

(1)lexemes of the same syntactic category and with the same spelling: e.g. lap, circuit of a

course跑道的一圈and lap, part of the body when sitting down.

(2)Of the same category, but with the same spelling, e.g. the verbs ring and wring拧或绞某

物使液体流出

(3)Of different categories, but with the same spelling: e.g. the verb keep and the noun keep食

物等生活必需品; 生活费

(4)Of different categories, and with different spelling: e.g. not, knot

2.sense relations

(1)synonymy

Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.

According to the way they differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups:

a.dialectal synonyms—synonyms used in different regional dialects

These are words with more or lea the same meaning used in different regional dialects. BE and AE are the two majors geographical varieties of the English language.

BE: autumn, lift, luggage, lorry, petrol, flat, torch; AE: fall, elevator, baggage, truck, gasoline, apartment, flashlight. The dialectal synonyms can also be found within BE or AE itself. Girl is called lass or lassie in Scottish dialect, and liquor is called whiskey in Irish dialect.

b.Stylistic synonyms—synonyms differing in style, or degree of formality. In other words,

some words tend to be more formal, others casual, and still others neutral in style. E.g.

old man, daddy, dad, father, male parent; kid, child, offspring; kick the bucket, pop off, die, pass away, decease.

c.Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning

There are words that bear the same meaning but express different emotions of the user, indicating the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about. E.g. the two words, collaborator and accomplice are synonymous in that they share the meaning of a person who helps another, but they differ in that a collaborator helps another in doing something good, while an accomplice helps another in criminal act. so which one you would use depends on your evaluation of the nature of the activity the person concerned helps in.

d.collocational synonyms—some synonyms differ in their collocation, i.

e., in the words

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