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plementary antonyms

A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the feature that the denial of

one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other. In other words it is not a matter of degree between extremes, but a matter of either one or the other. E.g. a person can be either alive or dead, either male or female; there is no third possibility.

c.relational opposites/ converse antonymy

Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites. E.g. if A is the husband of B, then B is the wife of A. so husband and wife are a pair of relational opposites. Father and son, teacher and pupil, doctor and patient, buy and sell, let and rent, above and below.

(4)hyponymy

hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. It is a relation of inclusion, in terms of meaning, the super includes all its hyponyms. The word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. E.g. S: flower; H: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning glory.

3.object relation

(1)meronymy

it is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. Thus cover and page are meronyms of book. We can identify this relationship by using sentence frames like X is part of Y, or Y ahs X, as in A page is part of a book, or A book has pages. Nose as a meronym of face, collar of shirt. Meronymy reflects hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like taxonomies:

car—wheel, engine, door, window, etc engine—piston, valve阀, etc. meronymy hierarchies are less clear-cut and regular than taxonomies.

Meronymy differs from hyponymy in transitivity. Hyponymy is always transitive, but meronymy may or may not be. A transitive example: nail as a meronym of finger, and finger of hand. We can see nail is a meronym of hand, for we can say A hand has nails. A non-transitive example is: pane is a meronym of window (a window has a pane), and window of room (a room has a window); but pane is not a meronym of a room, for we cannot say A room has a pane. Or hole is a meronym of button, and butto m of shirt, but we wouldn?t say that hole is a meronym of shirt (A shirt has holes!).

(2)member-collection

this is a relationship between the word for a unit and the usual word for a collection of the units.

e.g. ship-fleet; tree-forest; bird-flock; fish-shoal

(3) portion-mass

This is the relation between a mass noun and the usual unit of measurement or division.

Drop of liquid; grain of salt/sand/wheat; sheet of paper.

A count noun is added to the mass noun, making the resulting noun phrase into a count

nominal.

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