当代美国翻译~考试用英汉版(19)

The population rose rapidly as a result of a steady immigration, slave importation, and natural increase. There was a baby boom as families formed earlier due to the availability of land and need for labor. In England, the average marrying age for women was 2 years old; in America, it was 19. With colonial women giving birth to an average of seven children, the population reached 100,000 in 1660; by 1775, 2.5 million, one-third of them native-born. Rising numbers led to rising expectations. Additionally, slavery enriched the colonists as the northern colonies gained from the carrying trade and the southern colonies from the products produced. In 1775 alone, Virginia exported 105 million pounds of tobacco to European consumers.

人口快速增长作为稳定移民、奴隶输入和出生增长的结果。由于土地有效性和劳动力需要，在家庭组建之前，出现了一次生育高峰。在英国，女人平均结婚年龄是23岁；在美国，是19岁。由于殖民地的妇女平均生7个孩子，在1660年人口达到了10万；到1775年，达到了250万，其中的3分之1是土生土长的。上升人数导致上升期望。另外，奴隶制使殖民者变得富裕，北方殖民团从转口贸易中获益，南方殖民团从产品生产中获益。仅1775年，弗吉尼亚州出口了1亿5百万磅西红柿给欧洲消费者。

Historian Edmund Morgan called slavery the central paradox of American history and he convincingly linked the rise of liberty and equality in America and the soothing of class conflict to slavery. The more that Euro-Americans enslaved Africans, the more liberty expanded for whites (E. Morgan, 995). Colonists transplanted European social hierarchies to the colonies, but as skin color began to mark caste, lower-class whites demanded an expansion of voting rights and landholding privileges. Regardless of their economic standing, most whites came to view themselves as a ―middle class‖ because there were always browner or redder peoples below them.

历史学家Edmund Morgan称奴隶制是美国历史的主要悖论，他有说服力地将在美国自由和平等的崛起与对奴隶制的阶级斗争缓解相连。欧美裔越多奴役非洲人，白人获得越多自由。殖民者移植欧洲的社会等级制度给殖民地，但是因为肤色开始标记社会阶层，下层白人要求增加选举权和土地所有特权。不管他们的经济地位，多数白人视他们自己为“中产阶级”，因为总是有肤色更棕或者更红的人在他们之下。

From 1734 to 1755, an evangelical revival swept through the colonies on the heels of Jonathan Edwards’s sermons about ―Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,‖ and Methodist cleric George Whitefield’s colony-by-colony salvation tour. The Great Awakening was the first all-American cultural event and it appealed to the Protestant sense of individual responsibility and anti-authoritarianism. This revival led many colonials to question the authority England was exerting over the colonies.

从1734年到1755年，在Jonathan Edward“愤怒的上帝手中之罪人”的布道不久，福传道者的苏醒，横扫殖民地，循道宗教徒牧师George Whitefield一个接一个的殖民地救赎之旅。大觉醒运动是第一次全美文化事件，它呼吁了新教徒个人责任感和反独裁主义。这次复

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