当代美国翻译~考试用英汉版(28)

land struggles, the area from Texas to California was owned by Mexico, which had won its independence from Spain in 1821. In 1836, American settlers living in Texas revolted against Mexican rule, declared a Lone Star Republic, and asked to join the union. Nine years later, President James K. Polk, a fervent expansionist, proclaimed that the country should fill its natural boundaries and reach its ―Manifest Destiny‖ (Illustration 1.1) of stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans.

白人贪图西方的领土，当马车队从东部的城市滚过时，印第安人被暗杀并被禁闭在殖民区。到1838年，所有的东部部落都被逼迫到密西西比河以西。其中，最著名的暴行是逼迫15000个切罗基族人从佐治亚州搬迁到印度境内的俄克拉荷马州，有4000人在这次痛苦的迁移中死去。更为复杂的是土地斗争。曾经，德克萨斯州与加利福尼亚之间的领土归墨西哥所有，终于能在1821年从西班牙独立出来。1836年，居住在德克萨斯州的美国殖民者反抗墨西哥的统治，宣布成立孤星共和国，并要求加入共和国。九年以后，一个狂热的领土扩张者—詹姆斯.K.波尔卡宣布该国应填写其自然边界，并达到将其领土从大西洋延伸到太平洋的“天命”。

The US absorbed Texas and, from 1846 to 1848, made war on Mexico, won, and took all Mexican land north of the Rio Grande River.

美国吞并了德克萨斯州，并从1846年到1848年间，不断对墨西哥发动侵略，侵占了墨西哥在里奥格兰德河以北的所有领土。

Polk bullied England into ceding the entire Northwest (part of Oregon territory), establishing the division with Canada.With the 1853 purchase of a strip of Mexican land, the US reached its present size, excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and various small offshore possessions. And yet, many American were not satisfied and believed that Manifest Destiny demanded more.

波尔卡威逼英格兰将其整个西北部（俄勒冈州的一部分）领土割让给美国，造成了其与加拿大的分裂。1853年，通过对墨西哥一条狭长领土的购买，美国领土达到了现有的规模， 其中不包括今天的阿拉斯加州、夏威夷州及几个较小的近海领土部分。然而，许多美国人对此并不满意，认为“天命”要求更多。

In addition to the issue of slavery in the territories, rapid growth brought on other discussions about the moral and social fabric of the nation.Reformers advocated individual and institutional uplift. Workingmen’s associations pulled laborers together.Most middleclass women sought power by supporting a notion of separate spheres which argued that women should stay in the home and let men deal with the world. Other women argued for equality in all matters.Margaret Fuller’s Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1844) helped inspire the first Women’s Rights Convention (1848) at Seneca Falls, New York, where the delegates declared ―All men and women are created equal.‖A new religion, Mormonism, competed for converts with Shakers, Quakers, Adventists, and others.A temperance movement linked poverty with ―Demon Rum‖ and called for bans on

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