2016黑龙江大学跨文化英语考试总结分解(4)

(3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. （社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。）

(4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。 (5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region, it is called a Creole. 当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言是，它就成为克里奥耳语或混合语

(6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. 通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。

(7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite. 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。

(8) Euphemism is Taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary. 委婉语是替代具有冒犯性的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。

（9）Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law. 行话指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药和法律。

Case 25:Success Story One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms. Goshima\'s comments weren\'t really relevant to her query.

案例25：成功的故事我们的挫折和误解的来源，在这种情况下发生的是不同的概念，什么是口头有关。在这种情况下，玛丽被期待她的问题更直接的响应。然而，五岛，女士是不舒服的问题，觉得她的反应应该是非常间接的，揭示了问题的答案之前，建立一个真正意义上的谦虚。如果玛丽有耐心，她终于听到了她的问题的答案，但她并没有真正重视时，它终于来了，因为她觉得，女士五岛的意见是不是真的有关她的问题。

Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Keywords

(1) Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words. （非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交际。)

(2) Proxemics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.（时空行为：时空行为对空间关系的研究。） (3) Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身势语行为：身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。） (4) Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（时间行为：对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。）

(5) Paralanguage: It is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.（辅助语行为：为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。）

(6) Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。）

(7) Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others.（色彩学：色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。） (8) Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。）

(9) Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.（目光语：对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。）

(10) Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think,check or suppress an emotion,encode a lengthy response,or inaugurate another line of thought.

(11) Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance .it also serves as nonverbal symbols. Case 33:Are Americans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures.Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.

案例33：美国人无所谓吗？这种情况可以反映不同的非语言沟通方式中存在的实际跨文化交际，尤其是面部表情根据到不同的cultures.Compared对大多数中国人不同，美国人喜欢笑了很多，在日常生活中，即使有因果关系和丰富的面部表情他们有一些不幸。在跨文化交际中的面部表情，因为不同的意见，在这种情况下，美国女士谈到她父亲的病，死在一个面带微笑的方式显示她仍然有乐观的 方式来对待未来的生活，被人 误解。冷漠和自私的中国人。

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