●
includemetaphorandanalogy,andabitmorebesides.
Mostofour’ideasofmodernscienceanddemocracyhave.developedfromthis
Enlightenmentdesireforopenclarity,andithasclearlyreshaped
ButOVer
our
world.
the
neat
coupleofcenturies,itbecameincreasinglyobviousthatthe
an
super—rationalvisionoftheEnlightenmentwasover-reaction.Bythelate1800sand
early1900swefindwritersandartistsincreasingl3,exploringthemurkydepthsofhumanmotivation,andpeoplelikeSigmundFreud,workingwithpsychiatricpatients,tr3,ingto
come
upⅥ7ith
theoriesto
explain
tO
what
theyseemed
tobe
finding.TheFreudian
:Unconscious’wassupposeduse‘PrimaryThinking’whichwaslargelymetaphoricalin
metaphor,story—tellingandhypnosiswasused
tO
nature,asindreams.Amixtureof
extraordinaryeffectbytheremarkablepsychotherapistMiltonErickson,whowasactivemainlybetweenthe1930sand1960s,thoughhisinfluenceisstillbeingfelt50yearslater.
IvanA.Richard,Englishwriter,deliveredaseriesofsixlecturestoBryn
Mawr
College,intheUSA,ofwhichthelasttwo
are
deliveredtometaphorin1936.Hesaid
(!vanA.Richard,1936):“Theneglectofthestudyofthemodesofmetaphorinthelater
a
19mCenturywasdue,Ithink,to
generalfeelingthatthosemethodsofinquirywere
a
unprofitable;
andthetimewasnotripefor
newattack.Iamnot
sure
thatitisyetripe
inspiteofallthatColeridgeandBenthamdidtowards
ripeningit.Verylikely.anewattemptmustagainleadintoartificialitiesandarbitrarinesses.’’Heseemstohavebeenwellawarethathisideaswereawarethathisideaswerebeforetheirtime:
Infact,the‘ripening’processhastakenthehugedevelopmentsincognitivescience,
computing,n9urophysiology,etc.thatwouldhavebeeninconceivabletoRichardsin1936.Notthathefeltdiscouragedby‘unripeness’一hecontinues:
●
Inthis
subject,Richardsaid(Richards,1936,PP.115)it
isbettertomake
a
mistake
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