Reasoning.StatingandUnderstanding14qth.Images
scientificviewoftheworldthathasevolvedfromthe
As
a
Enlightenment)
resultoftheseandmanyotherthreadsofdevelopment,cognitivescientists
around
tothe
begantocome
viewthat
metaphorandanalogy
aretodowith
on
the
foundationsofthinking,ratherthanbeingmerelythesuperficialdecorations
thecake.
3.2
1
Natureandtypesofmetaphortheoriesconcerningthinking,
』
1●1●
UnderStandlngandexpresslon
Manytheoriesofmetaphorhavebeenproposedanddefendedbyphilosophersof
languagesincethepublicationof
Black’S“interaction”theory.We
to
survey
fourofthemore
influentialtheories;thissurveyisintendedberepresentativeratherthanexhaustive.
(i)Simile
Theories
Black
said(Black1962)that
similetheories
are
theoldestand,untilfairlyrecently:
theviewthat
themostwidelyheldtheoriesof
metaphor.Johson(Johnson1981)held
Aristotleseemstohavebeenthefirstto
suggestthatmetaphorsare‘compressed’j
a
or
‘abbreviated’similes.Onanysuchtheory,themeaningofthat
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