Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗

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PsychologicalBulletin

2005,Vol.131,No.6,803–855Copyright2005bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation0033-2909/05/$12.00DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803

TheBenefitsofFrequentPositiveAffect:

DoesHappinessLeadtoSuccess?

UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside

SonjaLyubomirsky

UniversityofMissouri—Columbia

LauraKing

UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana–ChampaignandTheGallupOrganization

Numerousstudiesshowthathappyindividualsaresuccessfulacrossmultiplelifedomains,includingmarriage,friendship,income,workperformance,andhealth.Theauthorssuggestaconceptualmodeltoaccountforthesefindings,arguingthatthehappiness–successlinkexistsnotonlybecausesuccessmakespeoplehappy,butalsobecausepositiveaffectengenderssuccess.Threeclassesofevidence—cross-sectional,longitudinal,andexperimental—aredocumentedtotesttheirmodel.Relevantstudiesaredescribedandtheireffectsizescombinedmeta-analytically.Theresultsrevealthathappinessisassoci-atedwithandprecedesnumeroussuccessfuloutcomes,aswellasbehaviorsparallelingsuccess.Furthermore,theevidencesuggeststhatpositiveaffect—thehallmarkofwell-being—maybethecauseofmanyofthedesirablecharacteristics,resources,andsuccessescorrelatedwithhappiness.Limitations,empiricalissues,andimportantfutureresearchquestionsarediscussed.

Keywords:happiness,subjectivewell-being,positiveaffect,positiveemotions,meta-analysis

EdDiener

“Amerryheartgoesalltheday,Yoursadtiresinamile-a.”

—WilliamShakespeare“Thejoyfulnessofamanprolongethhisdays.”

—Sirach30:22

“Thedaysthatmakeushappymakeuswise.”

—JohnMasefield

Researchonwell-beingconsistentlyrevealsthatthecharacter-isticsandresourcesvaluedbysocietycorrelatewithhappiness.Forexample,marriage(Mastekaasa,1994),acomfortableincome(Diener&Biswas-Diener,2002),superiormentalhealth(Koivumaa-Honkanenetal.,2004),andalonglife(Danner,Snow-don,&Friesen,2001)allcovarywithreportsofhighhappinesslevels.Suchassociationsbetweendesirablelifeoutcomesandhappinesshaveledmostinvestigatorstoassumethatsuccessmakespeoplehappy.Thisassumptioncanbefoundthroughouttheliteratureinthisarea.Forexample,Diener,Suh,Lucas,andSmith

SonjaLyubomirsky,DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifor-nia,Riverside;LauraKing,DepartmentofPsychologicalSciences,Uni-versityofMissouri—Columbia;EdDiener,DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana–ChampaignandTheGallupOrganization,Omaha,Nebraska.

ThisworkwassupportedinpartbygrantsfromthePositivePsychologyNetwork.WearegratefultoFaziletKasri,ReneDickerhoof,ColleenHowell,AngelaZamora,StephenSchueller,IreneChung,KathleenJamir,TonyAngelo,andChristieScollonforconductinglibraryresearchandespeciallytoRyanHowellforstatisticalconsulting.

CorrespondenceconcerningthisarticleshouldbeaddressedtoSonjaLyubomirsky,DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia,River-side,CA92521.E-mail:sonja@citrus.ucr.edu

803

(1999)reviewedthecorrelationsbetweenhappinessandavarietyofresources,desirablecharacteristics,andfavorablelifecircum-stances.Althoughtheauthorsrecognizedthatthecausalitycanbebidirectional,theyfrequentlyusedwordingimplyingthatcauseflowsfromtheresourcetohappiness.Forexample,theysuggestedthatmarriagemighthave“greaterbenefitsformenthanforwomen”(p.290),apparentlyoverlookingthepossibilitythatsexdifferencesinmaritalpatternscouldbeduetodifferentialselectionintomarriagebasedonwell-being.Similarly,afterreviewinglinksbetweenmoneyandwell-being,Dienerandhiscolleaguespointedoutthat“evenwhenextremelywealthyindividualsareexamined,theeffects[italicsadded]ofincomearesmall”(p.287),againassumingacausaldirectionfromincometohappiness.Weusequotesfromoneofustoavoidpointingfingersatothers,butsuchexamplescouldbegarneredfromthemajorityofscientificpubli-cationsinthisarea.Thequotesunderscorethepervasivenessoftheassumptionamongwell-beinginvestigatorsthatsuccessfulout-comesfosterhappiness.Thepurposeofourreviewisnottodisconfirmthatresourcesandsuccessleadtowell-being—anotionthatislikelyvalidtosomedegree.Ouraimistoshowthatthealternativecausalpathway—thathappypeoplearelikelytoac-quirefavorablelifecircumstances—isatleastpartlyresponsiblefortheassociationsfoundintheliterature.

APRELIMINARYCONCEPTUALMODEL

Inthisarticle,wereviewevidencesuggestingthathappypeo-ple—thosewhoexperienceapreponderanceofpositiveemo-tions—tendtobesuccessfulandaccomplishedacrossmultiplelifedomains.Whyishappinesslinkedtosuccessfuloutcomes?Weproposethatthisisnotmerelybecausesuccessleadstohappiness,butbecausepositiveaffect(PA)engenderssuccess.Positively

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