Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(32)

IntheWorldValueSurveyI,whichcomprisesprobabilitysamplesofalmost60,000adultsin41nations,64%oftherespon-dentsreportedmorepositivethannegativeaffect,withonly18%reportingmorenegativethanpositiveaffect(WorldValueSurveyGroup,1994).Notably,ofthosereportingabove-neutralhappinessonthissurvey,nearlyeveryonereportedmorepositivethanneg-ativeaffect,promptingDieneretal.(1991)toconcludethathappinessisbestregardedasastateinwhichpeoplefeela

preponderanceofpositiveemotionsmostofthetime.Onereasonforthetendencyofhappypeopletofeelpositiveemotionsmorefrequentlymaybethatthechronicallyhappyarerelativelymoresensitivetorewardsintheirenvironment—thatis,theyhaveamorereactivebehavioralapproachsystem(Gray,1994)—andaremorelikelytoapproach,ratherthanavoid,rewardingsituations(Watson,1988).Inaddition,Larsenandcolleaguesdemonstratedthatdispositionalpositiveaffectivityinvolvesasusceptibilitytoexperiencepositivemoods(Larsen&Ketelaar,1991;Rusting&Larsen,1997).

CharacterizingandMeasuringHighAveragePositiveAffect

Inshort,theresearchevidencesupportsthenotionthatitistheamountoftimethatpeopleexperiencepositiveaffectthatdefineshappiness,notnecessarilytheintensityofthataffect.Furthermore,happypeoplehavebeenfoundtoexperiencepositiveemotionsthemajorityofthetime.Thus,inthisarticle,weidentifyhappyindivid-ualsasthosewhoexperiencehighaveragelevelsofpositiveaffect.Thesehighaveragelevelsofpositiveaffect,whichwevariouslyrefertoaschronichappiness,traitPA,orsubjectivewell-being,mayberootedinpersonalitypredispositions(e.g.,ageneticallydetermined“setpoint”;Lyubomirsky,Sheldon,&Schkade,2005),theperson’scurrentlifecircumstances,theperson’sintentionalactivities,orallofthese.Becausetheexistingliteraturedoesnotdiscriminatewhicheffectsoflong-termPAcomefromwhichofthesedifferentsources,wereferinourarticletoindividualswhoshowhighaveragelevelofPA,withoutreferencetothesourceofthisstate.However,thefindingsfromtheexperimentalstudiessuggestthatpositiveemotionscanproducedesirableoutcomesevenintheabsenceofaveryhappydisposition,althoughahappydispositionislikelytobeacauseofpositiveemotions.

Theresearchweciteusesavarietyofmeasuresoflong-termPA,happiness,andwell-being.ThevastmajorityofassessmentofchronicPAisbyself-reportmeasures,whichhavebeenvalidated

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