Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(24)

积极心理学的实证研究告诉大家：积极情感的多方面作用,社交,婚姻,健康等。做一个积极向上的人吧

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Table2(continued)

Study

n

LYUBOMIRSKY,KING,ANDDIENER

Happiness/PAmeasure

Sociabilityandactivity

CorrelatedconstructTimeperiod

Effectsize

(r)

Costaetal.,1981Costaetal.,1981

Costa&McCrae,1980aHarker&Keltner,2001aHarker&Keltner,2001aStones&Kozma,1986a

396114234104100408ChicagoAttitudeInventoryChicagoAttitudeInventoryBradburn’sScales

FACSDuchennesmileFACSDuchennesmileMUNSHExtraversionExtraversionExtraversion

Self-ratedaffiliationSelf-ratedaffiliationActivitylevel2–10years10–17years10years22years31years1.5years

.20.24.23.23.16.29b

Creativityandprosocialbehavior

Stawetal.,1994aThoits&Hewitt,2001a

1912,681

ExperienceandexpressionofpositiveemotiononthejobOne-itemhappiness

Judgedcreativity

Timespentengagedinvolunteerwork

1.5years3years

.31b.04b

Physicalwell-beingandcoping

Benyaminietal.,2000aBenyaminietal.,2000aBenyaminietal.,2000aCarveretal.,1993aCarveretal.,1993aCarveretal.,1993aCarveretal.,1993aCohenetal.,2003

Epping-Jordanetal.,1999Epping-Jordanetal.,1999Fredrickson&Joiner,2002Grahametal.,inpressaGrahametal.,inpressaPettitetal.,2001a

Scheieretal.,1989aScheieretal.,1989a

Stones&Kozma,1986aVitalianoetal.,1998a

7916785255959595933480801381,6831,2521,33474740823

12-itempositiveaffect12-itempositiveaffect12-itempositiveaffectLOTLOTLOTLOT

PositiveemotionalstyleLOTLOTPANAS

One-itemresidualhappinessOne-itemresidualhappinessPANASLOTLOTMUNSH

Uplifts-Hassles

GlobalhealthGlobalhealthGlobalhealthActivecoping

CopingbypositivereframingCopingbyhumorCopingbydenial

PresenceofclinicalinfectionSymptomsofanxiety/depressionSymptomsofanxiety/depressionBroad-mindedcopingAlcoholintakeSmoking

Presenceandseverityofmedicalconditions

CopingbyinformationseekingCopingbysuppressionGlobalhealthNKcellactivity

13533331365555yearyearsyearsmonthsmonthsmonthsmonthsmonthmonthsmonthsweeksyearsyearsweeks

.13b.11b.17b.16.26.38 .37 .14 .40 .55.19 .04b .06b .31.43 .30.28b.48

1week1week1.5years1.5years

Note.PA positiveaffect;PANAS PositiveandNegativeAffectSchedule;MPQ MultidimensionalPersonalityQuestionnaire;FACS FacialActionCodingSystem;CES-D CenterforEpidemiologicDepressionScale;SWLS SatisfactionWithLifeScale;LOT LifeOrientationTest;MUNSH MemorialUniversityofNewfoundlandScaleofHappiness;HM HappinessMeasure;SWB SubjectiveWell-Being;NK naturalkiller.Subcriptaindicatesthatthestudyappearsinmorethanonepanelortable.Subscriptbindicatesthattheeffectsizewascalculatedcontrollingforoneormoreothervariables

independenceamongthem.Tothisend,severalguidelineswerefollowed.

First,whenmorethanoneeffectsizewasgeneratedfromthesamesample,andtheseeffectsizesinvolvedmoderatelytohighlycorrelatedconstructs(e.g.,judgmentsoffriendliness,gregarious-ness,andassertiveness),theywerenottreatedindependently.Asaresult,theunweightedaverageofeachsetofcorrelatedeffectsizeswasusedinouranalyses.Thisprocedurewasusedforeffectsizesgeneratedfromthesamesampleandreportedwithinaparticularpanelofatable(e.g.,thoseinvolvingworklifeinTable1).

Second,asmentionedpreviously,werecognizedthatsometimesthesamesamplewasusedtogenerateeffectsizesinmorethanonepanelofatable(e.g.,sociability/activityandhealth)orevenacrosstables(e.g.,supervisoryevaluationsassessedatasinglepointintime[inTable1]aswellastwopointsintime[inTable2]).Insuchinstances,weselectedonlyonespecificeffectsizeforouranaly-ses.Iftherscamefromthesametable,theeffectsizetappingthebestfittingconstructwaschosen.IfthersspannedTables1and2,

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