Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(31)

积极心理学的实证研究告诉大家：积极情感的多方面作用,社交,婚姻,健康等。做一个积极向上的人吧

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Table3(continued)

Study

n

LYUBOMIRSKY,KING,ANDDIENER

AffectinductionComparisongroupsDependentvariable

Effectsize

(r)

Creativitityandproblemsolving(continued)

Melton,1995

Reed&Aspinwall,1998Reed&Aspinwall,1998Sinclair&Mark,1995(Study1)Sinclair&Mark,1995(Study2)Trope&Pomerantz,1998(Study3)Urada&Miller,2000(Study1)Urada&Miller,2000(Study4)Note.

5766663983684361

Cartoon(s)SurveySurveyVeltenVeltenFalsefeedbackRecallevent(s)Recallevent(s),music,candy

Humorvs.controlPositivevs.controlPositivevs.controlPositivevs.negativeandneutral

Positivevs.negativePositivevs.negativePositivevs.neutralPositivevs.neutral

Performanceonsyllogisms

No.offactsignoredaboutcaffeineandfibrocysticbreastdiseaseRecallofdisconfirming

informationaboutcaffeineandfibrocysticbreastdiseaseAccuracyofcorrelationaljudgments

Accuracyofcorrelationaljudgments

Interestinreceivingfeedbackregardingliabilitiesvs.assetsUsingbroaddefinitionofgroupmembership

Usingbroaddefinitionofgroupmembership

.43 .22.28.43.25.35.30.25

Subscriptaindicatesthatthestudyappearsinmorethanonesectionortable.

tothefrequentexperienceofpositiveemotions.Inourtheoreticalframework,itistheexperienceofpositiveemotionsthatleadstothebehavioraloutcomeswereview,and“happiness”describespeoplewhoexperiencesuchemotionsalargepercentageofthetime(Diener,Sandvik,&Pavot,1991).Althoughmoreinclusivedefinitionsofhappinesshavebeenofferedbyothers(e.g.,Veen-hoven,1984),werestrictourdefinitiontotheexperienceoffrequentpositiveaffectbecausethatdefinitionencompassesthefindingswereview.

Thenotionthatfrequentpositiveaffectisthehallmarkofhappinesshasstrongempiricalsupport.Dienerandhiscol-leagues(1991)foundthattherelativeproportionoftimethatpeoplefeltpositiverelativetonegativeemotionswasagoodpredictorofself-reportsofhappiness,whereastheintensityofemotionswasaweakerpredictor.Thatis,happypeoplefeelmildormoderatepositiveaffectthemajorityofthetime;theydonotappeartoexperiencefrequentintensepositivestates.Inseveralstudiesandusingavarietyofhappinessmeasures,Dienerandhiscolleaguesfoundthathappypeopleexperiencedpositivemoodsandemotionsmostofthetime(seealsoDiener,Larsen,Levine,&Emmons,1985).Indeed,peoplewhoreporthighlevelsofhappinessappeartohavepredominantlypositiveaffect—thatis,strongerpositivefeelingsthannegativeones—80%ormoreofthetime.Forexample,inalargeinternationalsampleofmorethan7,000collegestudentsin41diversenationscollectedbyDiener’slaboratory,individualswhore-portedthattheywerepleasedwiththeirlivesexpressedfeelingsofjoyoverhalfofthetime.

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