Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(25)

theeffectsizereflectingalongitudinalcorrelationwasselected,aslongitudinaldataspeakrelativelymorestronglytocausation.Third,evenwhengeneratedfromthesamesampleordataset,effectsizeswereconsideredindependentiftheyinvolvedvariablesthatarenothighlycorrelatedwithoneanother(e.g.,incomeandalcoholconsumption;seeMeng,Rosenthal,&Rubin,1992).

DefiningOurTerms

WhatIstheHallmarkofHappiness?

Ourfocusinthisarticleisonhappyindividuals—thatis,thosewhoexperiencefrequentpositiveemotions,suchasjoy,interest,andpride,andinfrequent(thoughnotabsent)negativeemotions,suchassadness,anxiety,andanger.Althoughmanydefinitionsofhappinesshavebeenusedintheliterature,rangingfromlifesatisfactionandanappreciationoflifetomomentaryfeelingsofpleasure,wedefinehappinesshereasashorthandwayofreferring

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