Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(6)

积极心理学的实证研究告诉大家：积极情感的多方面作用,社交,婚姻,健康等。做一个积极向上的人吧

806

LYUBOMIRSKY,KING,ANDDIENER

frequentexperienceofpositiveemotionsovertime(seebelow),ourmodelassumesthatthecorrelationsinvolvinglong-termhap-pinessareparalleltothoseofshort-termpositivemoods.Incon-clusion,onlyifthecorrelationsgeneratedbyQuestions1and2aregenerallypositivewillweconsiderourcausalhypothesisfurther.Second,weconsiderlongitudinalstudies,whichaddresstwofurtherquestions.IshappinessatTime1associatedwithsuccess-fuloutcomesatTime2(Question3)?IshappinessandPAatTime1correlatedwithbehaviorsparallelingsuccessatTime2(Ques-tion4)?Insummary,priorlevelsofhappinessandpositiveaffectmustcorrelatewithlaterlevelsofsuccessfuloutcomesandbehav-iorforourcausalhypothesisnottoberejected.

Inlaboratoryexperimentation,thethirdtypeofevidence,cau-salityisputtoastrongertest.Inthiscase,however,becauseofthelimitsofthelaboratory,onlyshort-termchangesinbehaviorandcognitionsthatparallelsuccessfullifeoutcomesareassessed.Thus,thefifthandfinalquestionweaddressiswhetherPAcausesthecognitiveandbehavioralcharacteristicsparallelingsuccess.Again,becausepositiveaffectisdefinedhereasthebasicconstit-uentofhappiness,ourmodelrequiresthattheoutcomesofshort-termpositivemoodsareparalleltothesuccessfuloutcomesinourconceptualmodel.Furthermore,thisquestioniscritical,asitspeakstowhetherPAmaybeamediatorunderlyingtherelation-shipbetweenhappinessandflourishing—thatis,whetherPAcausestheadaptivecharacteristicsthathelphappypeoplesucceed.AlthoughthefourthtypeofevidenceshowninFigure1(TypeD)wouldprovidethestrongesttypeofdataforourmodel,unfor-tunately,toourknowledgenostudiesofthistypeexist.Neverthe-less,supportforourconceptualmodelfromallthreeofthepreviouslydescribedtypesofevidence,whilenotdefinitive,willsuggestalikelihoodthatourcausalmodeliscorrect.Furthermore,combiningthethreetypesofevidencerepresentsanadvancebeyondlaboratoryexperimentationalone,becausetherelativelygreaterrigorandcontrolprovidedbyexperimentationaresupple-mentedbytherelativelygreaterecologicalvalidityprovidedbytheothertypesofstudies.Thus,thefirsttwoclassesofevidence(TypesAandB)speaktotheplausibilityofgeneralizingthecausallaboratoryfindingstothecontextofsuccessandthrivinginev-erydaylife.Meanwhile,byrevealingtheprocessesuncoveredinthelaboratory,theexperimentalevidence(TypeC)illuminatesthepossiblecausalsequencesuspectedinthecorrelationaldata.Takentogether,consistentfindingsfromallthreetypesofdataofferastrongertestthananysingletypeofdatatakenalone.

Afterdescribingourmethodologyanddefiningourterms,weaddresseachofthefivefocalquestionsinorder,documentingthethreeclasses(A,B,andC)ofrelevantempiricalevidence.Then,weturntoadiscussionofseveralintriguingissuesandquestionsarisingoutofthisreview,caveatsandlimitations,andimportantfurtherresearchquestions.

MethodologicalApproach

Toidentifythewidestrangeofpublishedpapersanddisserta-tions,weusedseveralsearchstrategies(Cooper,1998).First,wesearchedthePsycINFOonlinedatabase,usingavarietyofkeywords(e.g.,happiness,satisfaction,affect,emotion,andmood).Next,usingtheancestrymethod,thereferencelistofeveryem-pirical,theoretical,andreviewpaperandchapterwasfurthercombedforadditionalrelevantarticles.Toobtainanypapersthat

mighthavebeenoverlookedbyoursearchcriteria,aswellastolocateworkthatisunpublishedorinpress,wecontactedtwolargeelectroniclistserves,manyofwhosemembersconductresearchintheareaofwell-beingandemotion—theSocietyofPersonalityandSocialPsychologylistservandtheQualityofLifeStudieslistserv.Twenty-fouradditionalrelevantarticleswereidentifiedwiththismethod.

Thefinalbodyofliteraturewascomposedof225papers,ofwhich11areunpublishedordissertations.Fromthese225papers,weexamined293samples,comprisingover275,000participants,andcomputed313independenteffectsizes.Astudywasincludedinourtablesifitsatisfiedthefollowingcriteria.First,measuresofhappiness,PA,oracloselyrelatedconstructhadtobeincluded,inadditiontoassessmentofatleastoneoutcome,characteristic,resource,skill,orbehavior.Second,thedatahadtoincludeeitherazero-ordercorrelationcoefficientorinformationthatcouldbeconvertedtoanreffectsize(e.g.,ttests,Ftests,meansandstandarddeviations,andchi-squares).Ifastudydidnotreportanreffectsize,wecomputedonefromdescriptivestatistics,tstatis-tics,Fratios,andtablesofcounts(seeRosenthal,1991).Ifnorelevantconvertiblestatisticswerepresented,otherthanapvalue,wecalculatedthetstatisticfromthepvalueandanr-sub(equivalent)(Rosenthal&Rubin,2003).Whenapaperre-portedp .05,p .01,orns,wecomputedrsub(equivalent)withpvaluesof.0245,.005,and.50(one-tailed),respectively,whichlikelyyieldedahighlyconservativeestimateoftheeffectsize.Finally,thesamplesizehadtobeavailable.Whenpossible,wealsocontactedauthorsforfurtherinformation.

Descriptionsofthecriticalelementsofeachstudy(i.e.,authors,year,samplesize,happiness/PAmeasureorinduction,relatedconstruct,andeffectsize[r])areincludedinTables1,2,and3,whichpresentcross-sectional,longitudinal,andexperimentalwork,respectively.Table2additionallypresentsthelengthoftimebetweenassessments,andTable3includesthecomparisongroupsusedinthestudies.Studieswithsubscriptsaftertheirnamearethosethatappearinmorethanasinglesectionortable,usuallybecausemultipleoutcomevariablesareincluded.

搜索“diyifanwen.net”或“第一范文网”即可找到本站免费阅读全部范文。收藏本站方便下次阅读，第一范文网，提供最新人文社科Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(6)全文阅读和word下载服务。