Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(37)

积极心理学的实证研究告诉大家：积极情感的多方面作用,社交,婚姻,健康等。做一个积极向上的人吧

BENEFITSOFFREQUENTPOSITIVEAFFECT

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cricketplayershadhigherbattingaverages(Totterdell,2000).George(1995)foundthatservicedepartmentswithhappyleadersweremorelikelytoreceivehighratingsfromcustomers,andthatthepositiveaffectivetoneofthesalesforcewasanindependentpredictorofcustomersatisfaction.Corroboratingtheseresults,arecentstudyshowedthatCEOsofmanufacturingcompanieswithhighpositiveaffectwererelativelymorelikelytohaveemployeeswhoratedthemselvesashappyandhealthy,andwhoreportedapositive,warmclimateforperformance.Inturn,organizationalclimatewascorrelatedwithproductivity(r .31)andprofitability(r .36;Foster,Hebl,West,&Dawson,2004).Ofinterest,thesepatternswerenotfoundfornegativeaffect.Finally,optimisticlifeinsuranceagentsappeartosellmoreinsurance(Seligman&Schul-man,1986),andoptimisticCEOsreceivehigherperformanceratingsfromthechairpersonsoftheirboardsandheadcompanieswithgreaterreturnsoninvestment(Pritzker,2002).Cote´(1999)reviewedtheeffectsofwell-beingonjobperformance,andcon-cludedthatthecausalrelationbetweenpleasantaffectandstrongperformanceisbidirectional.

Undoubtedly,oneofthereasonsthathappy,satisfiedworkersaremorelikelytobehighperformersonthejobisthattheyarelesslikelytoshow“jobwithdrawal”—namely,absenteeism,turnover,jobburnout,andretaliatorybehaviors(Donovan,2000;Locke,1975;Porter&Steers,1973;Thoresen,Kaplan,Barsky,Warren,&deChermont,2003).Forexample,positivemoodsatworkpre-dictedlowerwithdrawalandorganizationalretaliationandhigherorganizationalcitizenshipbehavior(Donovan,2000;seealsoCrede´,Chernyshenko,Stark,&Dalal,2005;Miles,Borman,Spec-tor,&Fox,2002;Thoresenetal.,2003),aswellaslowerjobburnout(Wright&Cropanzano,1998).Positiveaffectatworkhasalsobeenfoundtobedirectlyassociatedwithreducedabsenteeism(George,1989).Finally,thosewhoexperiencelowarousalpositiveaffectonthejobarelesslikelytowanttoquitandtobeinconflictwithotherworkers(VanKatwyk,Fox,Spector,&Kelloway,2000).

Income

Animportantindicatorofsuccessinmodernsocietiesisincome.Dohappierpeopleearnhigherincomes?Severalstudiessuggesttheanswertobeyes.Forexample,astudyof24,000Germanresidentsrevealedacorrelationbetweenincomeandlifesatisfac-tionof.20(Lucas,Clark,Georgellis,&Diener,2004),andastudyofRussiansrevealedcorrelationsbetweenrealhouseholdincomeandhappinessof.48in1995and.39in2000(Graham,Eggers&Sukhtankar,inpress).AmongindigenousMalaysianfarmers,thecorrelationbetweenlifesatisfactionandmaterialwealth(theironlyavailableindicatorofincome)wasfoundtobe.23(Howell,Howell,&Schwabe,inpress).AccordingtoDienerandBiswas-Diener(2002),mostsurveysreportcorrelationsbetweenincomeandhappinessintherangeof.13–.24.Inameta-analysisof286empiricalinvestigationsofolderadults,incomewassignificantlycorrelatedwithhappinessandlifesatisfaction,and,surprisingly,moresothanwitheducation(Pinquart&So¨rensen,2000).

OrganizationalCitizenship

Arehappyworkersrelativelybetterorganizational“citizens”?Muchofthecross-sectionalevidencepertainingtothisquestion

comesfromstudiesofindividualswhoaresatisfiedwiththeirjobs.Notably,bothpositiveaffectonthejobandchronichappinesshavebeenfoundtopredictjobsatisfaction(Weissetal.,1999).Inturn,jobsatisfactionpredictsorganizationalcitizenshipbehavior—thatis,actsthatgobeyondtherequirementsofthejob,suchasspreadinggoodwillandaidingcoworkers(Donovan,2000;George&Brief,1992;Organ,1988).However,studiesofrecurringpos-itiveaffectcorroboratetheseresults.Borman,Penner,Allen,andMotowildo(2001)reviewedevidenceshowingthatpositiveaffectpredictsorganizationalcitizenship,andthatnegativeaffectin-verselycorrelateswithit,evenwhenpeerratingsratherthanself-ratingsofcitizenshipareused.Inaddition,GeorgeandBriefarguedthathabitualpositiveaffectatworkispivotalinunder-standingso-called“organizationalspontaneity,”whichincludeshelpingcoworkers,protectingtheorganization,makingconstruc-tivesuggestions,anddevelopingone’sownabilitieswithintheorganization(seealsoDonovan,2000).

CommunityInvolvement

Despiteascarcityofstudiesinthisarea,someevidenceunder-scoresthecontributionsofhappypeopletotheircommunities.Happypeopleappeartovolunteerathigherlevelsthantheirunhappypeersforcharityandcommunityservicegroups,includ-ingreligious,political,educational,andhealth-relatedorganiza-tions(Krueger,Hicks,&McGue,2001;Thoits&Hewitt,2001)andtoinvestmorehoursinvolunteerservice(Thoits&Hewitt,2001).Furthermore,inastudyofIsraelihighschoolstudents,thosewithhighpositiveaffectweremorelikelytobeinvolvedincommunityserviceandtoexpressadesiretocontributetosocietyandbeofassistancetoothers(Magen&Aharoni,1991).Insummary,aswedescribeinthesectiononprosocialbehavior,happypeopleseemtoberelativelymoreinclinedtohelpothers(Feingold,1983).

SocialRelationships

Berscheid(2003)highlightedthecentralityofsocialrelation-shipstosuccessfulhumanfunctioningwhenshewrotethat“rela-tionshipsconstitutethesinglemostimportantfactorresponsible

forthesurvivalofhomosapiens”(p.39).Dohappypeoplehavebettersocialrelationshipsthantheirlesshappypeers?Ourreviewrevealsthistobeoneofthemostrobustfindingsintheliteratureonwell-being.Next,webeginbypresentingcross-sectionalevi-denceregardingthequestionwhetherindividualshighintraitpositiveaffect,happiness,andlifesatisfactionhavemorefriendsandmoresocialsupport,aswellasexperiencehappierinterper-sonalrelationships.RelevantstudyinformationiscontainedinPanel2ofTable1.

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