Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(33)

积极心理学的实证研究告诉大家：积极情感的多方面作用,社交,婚姻,健康等。做一个积极向上的人吧

BENEFITSOFFREQUENTPOSITIVEAFFECT

821

Table4

MeasuresofCentralTendencyandDispersionforEffectSizesbyCategory

Meanofeffectsizes

Category

n

Samplingunits

Unweighted

Weighted

MedianofeffectsizesUnweighted

Weighted

2testofheterogeneity

Cross-sectionaldata

Worklife

SocialrelationshipsHealthPositive

perceptionsofselfandothersSociabilityandactivity

LikeabilityandcooperationProsocialbehaviorPhysicalwell-beingandcopingCreativityandproblemsolving

19221916261572510

34,794120,25617,6932,82111,7736,9302,0975,0932,275

.27.27.32.39.33.32.32.29.26

.20.15.32.42.37.34.35.31.24

Longitudinaldata

Worklife

SocialrelationshipsHealthPositive

perceptionsofselfandothersSociabilityandactivityCreativityandprosocialbehavior

Physicalwell-beingandcoping

1182614210

15,0805,10637,4211001,1172,8722,999

.24.21.18.25.25.18.27

.05.19.09N/A.29.06.15

Experimentaldata

Positive

perceptionsofselfandothersSociabilityandactivity

Negotiationandconflictresolution

ProsocialbehaviorPhysicalwell-beingandcopingCreativityandproblemsolving*p .05.

**p .01.

1368171434***p .001.

9005795741,1707492,707

****p .0001.

.36.51.33.43.38.25

.34.49.29.37.34.16

.36.52.31.36.40.30

.33.56.27.34.28.25

19.6616.30**4.1526.53*18.79193.63****

.25.20.14.25.24.18.29

.03.20.09N/A.33.04.14

621.63****30.43****418.90****N/A4.6655.67****80.98****

.29.23.31.37.32.29.32.31.27

.20.07.31.39.40.21.36.35.28

188.82****3,079.60****67.98****59.36****116.20****217.64****11.45197.32****18.25*

inanumberofstudies(e.g.,Sandvik,Diener,&Seidlitz,1993;Watson,2000).Inexperimentalresearchoninducedmoods,pos-itivemoodsareoperationalizedbythemanipulationsthatinducethem;inlongitudinalresearch,themeasuresdependonmoodsatthemomentoroverarecentperiodsuchasthepastweekormonth;and,inindividualdifferenceresearchonchronicpositiveemotions,themeasuresusuallyaskabouttheperson’smoodsingeneral.Althoughthesemethodsarenotwithoutshortcomings,theyappeartobeatleastmoderatelyvalid.Amoredetailed

discussionofmeasurementissuesisavailableelsewhere(seeDie-ner,1994;Dieneretal.,1999;Sandviketal.,1993).

DiscriminatingHappinessandPositiveAffectFromRelatedConstructs

Notably,alargenumberofstudieshaveassessedlifesatisfac-tionasanindicatorofwell-being,andsuchinvestigationsareoccasionallyincludedhere.Althoughtheconstructofsatisfaction

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