Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(28)

Carnevale&Isen,1986aForgas,1998(Study1)Forgas,1998(Study1)Forgas,1998(Study2)Forgas,1998(Study2)Forgas,1998(Study3)Forgas,1998(Study3)

7226268072721321329696

Lighting

ConfederateroleplayingConfederateroleplayingCartoon(s)andgiftFalsefeedbackFalsefeedbackFalsefeedbackFalsefeedbackFalsefeedbackFalsefeedback

Warmvs.coollightingPositivePositivePositivePositive

vs.vs.vs.vs.negativenegativecontrolcontrol

Resolvinginterpersonalconflictthroughavoidance

JudgedgroupcooperativenessJudgedgroupconflictPersistatnegotiation

Planneduseofcooperationasbargainingstrategy

Planneduseofcompetitionasbargainingstrategy

Planneduseofcooperationasbargainingstrategy

Planneduseofcompetitionasbargainingstrategy

Planneduseofcooperationasbargainingstrategy

Planneduseofcompetitionasbargainingstrategy

.30.44 .42.41.32 .32.21 .21.30 .24

Positivevs.controlPositivevs.negativePositivevs.negativePositivevs.negativePositivevs.negative

Prosocialbehavior

Aderman,1972

Baron&Bronfen,1994(Study2)Baronetal.,1992(Study3)aBerkowitz,1987(Study1)Berkowitz,1987(Study2)Carnevale&Isen,1986a

Cunningham,1988a(Study1)aCunninghametal.,1980(StudyCunninghametal.,1980(StudyCunninghametal.,1990(StudyCunninghametal.,1990(StudyIsen,1970(Study1)Isen,1970(Study2)Isen,1970(Study2)Isen,1970(Study3)Isen,1970(Study3)

Isen&Levin,1972(Study1)O’Malley&Andrews,1983Rosenhanetal.,1974Rosenhanetal.,1981

1)2)1)2)

12072801086080102901608078141210202052903620

VeltenFragrance

LightingandgiftVeltenVelten

Cartoon(s)andgiftVeltenFinddimeFinddimeVeltenVelten

FalsefeedbackFalsefeedbackFalsefeedbackFalsefeedbackFalsefeedbackGift

Recallevent(s)Recallevent(s)StoriesElatedvs.depressedPositivevs.control

Positive/highilluminancevs.control/lowilluminance

Positivevs.negativePositivevs.negativePositivevs.controlElatedvs.neutralanddepressed

Positivevs.neutralPositivevs.neutralPositivevs.neutralPositivevs.neutralPositivevs.negativePositivevs.controlPositivevs.controlPositivevs.controlPositivevs.negativePositive/helpvs.control/distraction

Happyvs.neutralPositivevs.controlPositivevs.neutral

Volunteering

TimespenthelpingTimewillingtohelpHelpingHelpingHelping

InterestinprosocialactivitiesHelping

DonatingtocharityHelpingHelping

AmountofdonationHelping

AttentivenessHelping

InitiationofconversationWillingnesstohelp

Donatingblood

ContributingtoneedychildrenHelpingexperimenter

.45.28.25.34.68.62.27.28.21.33.34.58.57.58.58.61.36.26.52.59

Physicalwell-beingandcoping

Aldenetal.,2001

Coganetal.,1987(Study1)Dillonetal.,1985

Fredrickson&Levenson,1998(Study2)

Fredricksonetal.,2000(Study1,Sample1)

Fredricksonetal.,2000(Study1,Sample2)

Futtermanetal.,1994Lefcourtetal.,1990(Study1)Lefcourtetal.,1990(Study2)Lefcourtetal.,1990(Study3)McClelland&Cheriff,1997(Study1)McClelland&Cheriff,1997(Study3)Schuettler&Kiviniemi,inpressaSchuettler&Kiviniemi,inpressa

3840107295752545344157855050

MentalimageryAudiotape

HumorousvideotapeVideoclip(s)Videoclip(s)Videoclip(s)Reflectonscenario(s)Humorousaudioclip(s)Humorousvideoclip(s)HumorousAudioclip(s)Videoclip(s)Videoclip(s)VeltenVelten

Positivevs.negativePositivevs.controlHappyvs.control

Smilingvs.notsmilingContentvs.sadContentvs.neutralPositiveandnegativevs.control

Pre-vs.postaudioclipPre-vs.postvideoclipPre-vs.postaudioclipPositivevs.negativePositivevs.controlPositivevs.negativePositivevs.negative

PainratingsPainthresholdImmunefunction

Durationofcardiovascularreactivity

Durationofcardiovascularreactivity

Durationofcardiovascularreactivity

ImmunefunctionImmunefunctionImmunefunction

ImmunefunctionImmunefunctionImmunefunction

Self-efficacyregardinghealthHealthperceptions

.51.45.38 .26 .27 .28.76.47.46.50.33.05.43.53

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