Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(35)

isnotidenticaltopositiveaffect—someresearchersarguethatithasanaffectivedimension(Veenhoven,1997),whereasothersdefineitasapurelycognitivejudgmentoflifeoritsfacets(Dieneretal.,1999)—wereviewstudiesofsatisfactionbecausetheyfrequentlyrepresenttheonlyavailableevidenceinanarea.Fur-thermore,lifesatisfactionandpositiveaffecthavebeenfoundtocorrelateataround.40to.50inundergraduates(Lucas,Diener,&Suh,1996)and.52inbusinessstudents(Staw&Barsade,1993).Inaddition,ofpeoplewhosaytheyareaboveneutralinsatisfac-tionwiththeirlives,85%havebeenfoundtoreportthattheyfeelhappyatleasthalfofthetime(Lucasetal.,1996).Thus,lifesatisfactionisadefensibleproxyforchronichappiness,incasesinwhichnostudiesexistusingmoredirectmeasuresofhappiness;LucasandhiscolleaguesdemonstratedthatitisseparablebutnotindependentfromchronicPA.Similarly,Lucasetal.foundthatoptimismisalsorelatedtopositiveaffectivity,butseparablefromit.Again,wesometimesrefertofindingsbasedonmeasuresofoptimismbecausethefindingscanbestriking,butweeagerlyawaitthedaywhenafullsetoffindingsbasedonmeasuresofpositiveaffect,aswellasrelatedconcepts,isavailable.

Thesectionsofthisarticlethataddressresearchonpositiveaffectsimilarlyincludestudiesusingavarietyofaffectmeasuresandmoodinductions.Mostresearchersfocusonglobalpleasantaffect,withoutdiscriminatingamongspecificpositiveemotionsorbetweenemotionsandmoods,andourreviewreflectsthischar-acteristicofthefield.Finally,whennoresearchonpositiveaffectisavailable,weinfrequentlycitetheliteratureonnegativeaffectordepression.Althoughpositiveaffectandnegativeaffectoftenexhibitadegreeofindependenceinthelongrun(e.g.,Diener,Smith,&Fujita,1995),thesetwotypesofaffectregularlyshowmoderateinverserelationsacrossindividuals,justifyingtheuseofsuchnegativestatesastheinverseofPAorsubjectivewell-being,toaddressourquestionswhenmoredirectmeasuresareabsent.Furthermore,depressionhasbeendefinednotonlybyhighlevelsofnegativeaffect,butalsolowlevelsofPA(Watson&Clark,1995).

CROSS-SECTIONALEVIDENCE

Question1:AreHappyPeopleSuccessfulPeople?

Beingsuccessfulmeansaccomplishingthosethingsthatarevaluedbyone’sculture,flourishingintermsofthegoalssetforthbyone’ssociety.Hence,ourfocalquestioniswhetherhappypeopleonaveragearebetterabletoachievethevaluesandgoalstheyhavebeensocializedtobelieveareworthwhile.AsSigmundFreudreportedlyoncesaid,liebenundarbeiten—toloveandtowork—arewhata“normal”personshouldbeabletoperformwell.Fewpeoplewouldoppose,inanyculture,theadditionofhealthtoloveandworkasacriticalingredienttoasuccessfullife.

Accordingly,thefollowingsectionisdividedintothreeparts:worklife,socialrelationships,andhealth.Specifically,inthissection,wereviewthecross-sectionalevidenceaddressingthequestionofwhetherhappypeoplearerelativelymoresuccessfulinvariouslifedomains,rangingfrommarriagetowork,fromaltru-isticcommunityinvolvementtomakingmoney,andfrommentalhealthtophysicalhealthandlongevity.

WorkLife

InmodernWesternsociety,workfillsalargenumberofpeo-ple’swakinghours.Furthermore,itisimportantintermsofpro-ducingincome,influencingself-esteem,creatingopportunitiesformeaningfulactivities,andproducingthegoodsandservicesneededbysociety.Thus,workishighlyvalued.Arehappypeoplemoresuccessfulthantheirlesshappypeersonjob-relatedandperformancevariables?Wewillfirstreviewthecorrelationalev-idencebearingonthisquestion(forstudyinformationandeffectsizes,seePanel1ofTable1).

EmploymentandQualityofWork

Thecross-sectionalevidencerevealsthathappyworkersenjoymultipleadvantagesovertheirlesshappypeers.Individualshighinsubjectivewell-beingaremorelikelytosecurejobinterviews,tobeevaluatedmorepositivelybysupervisorsoncetheyobtainajob,toshowsuperiorperformanceandproductivity,andtohandlemanagerialjobsbetter.Theyarealsolesslikelytoshowcounter-productiveworkplacebehaviorandjobburnout.

Evenbeforeenteringtheworkforce,peoplewithhighsubjectivewell-beingaremorelikelytograduatefromcollege(Frischetal.,2004).Furthermore,happyindividualsappeartosecure“better”jobs.Inonestudy,employeeshighindispositionalpositiveaffecthadjobs,asratedbytrainedobservers,thathadmoreautonomy,meaning,andvariety(Staw,Sutton,&Pelled,1994).Finally,evidencefromavarietyofsourcesshowsthathappypeoplearemoresatisfiedwiththeirjobs(e.g.,Connolly&Viswesvaran,2000;Tait,Padgett,&Baldwin,1989;Weiss,Nicholas,&Daus,1999).Inameta-analysisof27studiesofaffectandjobsatisfac-tion,ConnollyandViswesvaranconcludedthat10%–25%ofthevarianceinjobsatisfactionwasaccountedforbymeasuresofdispositionalaffect.Intheiranalyses,themeancorrectedcorrela-tionbetweenpositiveaffectandjobsatisfactionwas.49.

Onceahappypersonobtainsajob,heorsheismorelikelytosucceed.Employeeshighindispositionalpositiveaffectreceiverelativelymorefavorableevaluationsfromsupervisorsandothers(Stawetal.,1994).Forexample,inStawandcolleagues’study,managersofhighpositiveaffectemployeesofthreeMidwesternorganizationsgavethemhigherevaluationsforworkquality,pro-ductivity,dependability,andcreativity.Wrightandhiscolleagueshavereplicatedthiseffect,showingthathappypeoplereceivehigherratingsfromsupervisors(Cropanzano&Wright,1999;Wright&Staw,1999).Finally,workperformancemaybemorestronglypredictedbywell-beingthanbyjobsatisfaction.Intwostudies,WrightandCropanzano(2000)foundthatjobperfor-mance,asjudgedbysupervisors,wassignificantlycorrelatedwithwell-being(rsof.32and.34,respectively),butuncorrelatedwithmeasuresofjobsatisfaction(rsof .08and.08,respectively).StawandBarsade(1993)foundthat,asratedbyobjectiveobservers,thosehighindispositionalpositiveaffectperformedobjectivelybetteronamanagerassessmenttask(includinglead-ershipandmasteryofinformation).Otherevidenceforhappypeople’srelativesuccessonthejobincludesfindingsthatindivid-ualshighindispositionalpositiveaffectaremorelikelytobeinthesupervisoryin-group(Graen,1976).Dormitoryresidentadvisorswereratedbyresidentsasbeingmoreeffectiveiftheywerehighontraitpositiveaffect(DeLuga&Mason,2000),andhappier

搜索“diyifanwen.net”或“第一范文网”即可找到本站免费阅读全部范文。收藏本站方便下次阅读，第一范文网，提供最新人文社科Does Happiness Lead to Success幸福的人更容易成功吗(35)全文阅读和word下载服务。